Negotiation of Meaning in Interaction
Negotiation of meaning is defined as a series of exchanges conducted by addressors and addresses to help themselves understand and be understood by their interlocutor. For example, during communicative exchanges in which addresses had difficulty understanding and addressors sensed this difficulty, addressors could restructure the conversation in order to make their input comprehensible ton addresses and thus allow the conversation to continue. In this restructuring, addressors could, for example, pause and question addresses as to whether they understood, or sensing confusion on the addresses’ part, addressors could simply repeat themselves vibratim or in paraphrase.
These same restructuring techniques could be used following utterances of the addressees. Such modification would give interlocutors more opportunities to negotiate for message meaning and would allow addressees more to produce message content and thus sort out the confusion it triggered. Addressees could restructure the conversation through requests to addressors for clarification or through utterances seeking to confirm whether what they heard was actually what had been said.
Veronis and Gass proposed a simpler model for the exchanges that create negotiation of meaning. The model consists of four primes called:
· Trigger (T) which invokes or stimulates incomplete understanding on the part of hearer.
· Indicator (I) which is the hearer’s signal of incomplete understanding.
· Response (R) is the original speaker attempt to clear up the unaccepted-input.
· Reaction to the response (R) which is an element that signals either the hearer’s acceptance or continued difficulty with the speaker’s repair.
The models also suggest that in an interactional modification or negotiation, there are at least two different moves: the move of signals and the move of reaction to the signal (repair or modification). The move of signal consists of three concepts: confirmation check, comprehension check, and clarification request. The repair move consists of self- and other-repetition, elaboration and justification.
A. Conversation 1
The first conversation was happen between two girls named Ayu and Tina. They are the students of Senior High School grade XI. Their task is finding the place of some things. They have their own worksheet in form of picture, but the information which they have is different (information gap).
Ayu : “Where is the dispenser?”
tina : “It is above the cupboard, beside the refrigerator.”
Ayu : “Emmmm…. Where is the dictionary?”
Tina : “Dictionary? Hemm… it is in the cupboard beside the refrigerator, in the second drawer.”
Ayu : “Ok. Where is the ice cream?”
Tina : “It is in the refrigerator.”
Ayu : “In the upper part or in the lower part?” (Clarification check)
Tina : “In the upper part first drawer.”
Ayu : “Alright.”
Tina : “Let me ask you where the oven is?”
Ayu : “Beside the stove.”
Tina : “The blender?” *(T)
Ayu : “Pardon?” (I/Clarification check)
Tina : “Where is the blender?” (R self-repetition)
Ayu : “Blender?” (Confirmation check)
Tina : “Yes, where is the blender?” (R self-repetition)
Ayu : “It is next to the oven.” (RR)
Tina : “Next to the oven?” (Confirmation check)
Ayu : “Yes.” (RR)
“Now where is the tea pot?” **(T)
Tina : “Tea pot?” (Confirmation check)
Ayu : “Yes, tea pot. Place to make tea.” (Comprehensible input)
Tina : “Oooo iya ya ya ya. The tea pot is in the upper cupboard, in the most right cupboard.” (RR)
Ayu : “The cupboard above the stove?” (Clarification check)
Tina : “Yes, in the first drawer of the right side.” (RR)
Ayu : “Ok. Emmm… Where is the bowl?”
Tina : “The bowl is in the same cupboard with the tea pot, but it is in the second drawer of the left side.”
Ayu : “Ok.”
Tina : “Now, what about the ketchup?”
Ayu : “It is in the middle cupboard, second drawer, right side.”
Tina : “Ok. The ketchup is in the middle cupboard. Cupboard beside the bowl?”
Ayu : “Yes, in the second drawer of the right side.”
Tina : “Second drawer of the right side?”
Ayu : “Yes. Where should I put the spoons?”
Tina : “You should put them in the same cupboard with the bowl, but they are in the second drawer of the right side.”
Ayu : “Ok.”
“What about carrots?” ***(T)
Tina : “Pardon?” (I/Clarification check)
Ayu : “Carrot. Do you know carrot?” (Comprehension check)
Tina : “Ooo… carrot. They are in the refrigerator, in the lower part, second drawer.” (RR)
Ayu : “Ok.” (follow-up)
Tina : “What about milk?”
Ayu : “Milk?”
Tina : “Yes, a bottle of milk.”
Ayu : “Ok. It is in the refrigerator, in the first drawer of the lower part.”
Tina : “Thank you.”
Analysis
In the conversation above, there are three sequences of negotiation of meaning. In the first sequence (*) there are 26 words which were utterance by the learners.
In the second sequence (**) there are 42 words and in the third sequence (***) there are 23 words. There are 9 signals which divided into three kinds of signal: clarification check, confirmation check, and comprehension check.
The comprehensible input happen when Ayu asked about ‘tea pot’. Tina showed her non-understanding by repeating the word hesitantly. Then Ayu explained the function of the tea pot to make the conversation could be continued.
B. Conversation 2
The conversation below was happen between two boys of Senior High School grade XI. They have the same task with the previous conversation (information gap) that is finding the location of some things.
Bayu : Where is the plate?
Yudi : The plate is in the third cupboard, first drawer.
Bayu : Third cupboard? (Confirmation check)
Yudi : Yes. The cupboard above the stove. (RR)
Bayu : Oh ya, in the left side or in the right side? (Clarification check)
Yudi : In the left side. (RR)
Bayu : Ok.
Yudi : What about knives? *(T)
Bayu : Knives? (Confirmation check)
Oh ya, they are in the cupboard under the stove. (RR)
Yudi : Under the stove? There are two cupboards. (Clarification check)
Bayu : They are in the first cupboard upper drawer of the right side. (RR)
Yudi : First cupboard, upper drawer of the right side. (Confirmation check)
Bayu : Yes. (RR)
Can you tell me where the doll is?
Yudi : The doll is the cupboard beside the refrigerator in the first drawer.
Bayu : O..yes. I know. What about the oven?
Yudi : The oven is beside the stove.
Bayu : Ok.
Yudi : Where is the frying pan?
Bayu : The frying pan is above the stove of the left side.
Yudi : Thank you.
Bayu : Do you know where the coffee is?
Yudi : Yes, it is in the first cupboard above the refrigerator in the left side second drawer. The coffee is beside the milk powder.
Bayu : So, there are milk powder and coffee in the same drawer?
Yudi : Yes, do you know where the shoes are?
Bayu : The shoes are in the same cupboard with the knives but they are in the second drawer of the left side.
Yudi : Oo..yes.
Bayu : Ok. Now, tell me where the LPG tube is? **(T)
Yudi : Pardon? (I/Clarification check)
Bayu : LPG tube? (R self-repetition)
Yudi : Oo..LPG. it is in the cupboard under the stove of the right side. (RR)
Do you know where the meat is? ***(T)
Bayu : huh? (I/Clarification check)
Yudi : the meat? (R self-repetition)
Bayu : Meat? Can you spell it? (I/Clarification check)
Yudi : M – E – A – T. (Comprehensible input)
Bayu : Oh, meat. It is in the refrigerator upper part second drawer. (RR)
Yudi : Where is the vase? ****(T)
Bayu : Vase? (Confirmation check)
Yudi : Yes, vase. Place to put flowers. (Comprehensible input)
Bayu : Ooo… it is above the refrigerator. (RR)
Where is the vegetable oil?
Yudi : It is in the upper cupboard, first cupboard, upper drawer of the left side.
Bayu : Ok. What about forks? *****(T)
Yudi : Pardon? (I/Clarification check)
Bayu : Forks. Garpu. (Comprehensible input)
Yudi : Oo…. I see. They are in the upper cupboard, the middle cupboard, first drawer of the left side. (RR)
Bayu : Ok. Tell me where the cups are?
Yudi : The cups are in the same cupboard with the forks, but it is in the first drawer of the right side.
Bayu : Ok. Thank you.
Yudi : You are welcome.
Analysis
In this conversation there are five sequences of negotiation of meaning. The first sequence (*) there are 40 words used y the two learners. In the second (**) and third sequence (***), in each sequence there are 24 words. In the fourth sequence (****) there are 16 words and in the fifth (*****) there are 23 words.
There are ten signals which is divided into two: clarification check and confirmation check. In this conversation, there are three times comprehensible input. The first was happen when Bayu signaled non-understanding by using a back channel cue that functions as a request for clarification. Yudi tried to explain by repeating the word, but Bayu still showed non-understanding by repeating the word hesitantly followed by a request to Yudi to spell the word. Yudi comprehended the message after the spelling and the interaction could be continued.
The second comprehensible input was happen when Yudi triggered an utterance that might not be understood by Bayu who signaled the misunderstanding repeating Yudi’s utterance of the word ‘vase’. Yudi responded to the signal by explaining the meaning of vase. The last was happen when Bayu asked Yudi about ‘forks’. Yudi showed his misunderstanding and Bayu responded by explaining the meaning of ‘forks’ in their mother tongue.
C. Conversation 3
The last conversation was happen between Bayu and Tina. The task which is used is information gap.
Bayu : “Where are the glasses?”
Tina : “It is on the table, behind the lamp.”
Bayu : “Ok, what about a cup of coffee?”
Tina : “It is on the table too. What about a pen?”
Bayu : “It is above the television.”
Tina : “O……..”
Bayu : “Do you know where the radio is?”
Tina : “It is on the table too, beside the cup of coffee.”
Bayu : “Thank you.”
Tina : “It’s ok. Where is the glove?” * (T)
Bayu : “Pardon?”(I/Clarification check)
Tina : “Glove, it is used to cover your hand.” (Comprehensible input)
Bayu : “Ow…..it is on the sofa.” (RR)
Tina : “Which sofa?” (Clarification check)
Bayu : “The sofa which is for one person.” (RR)
Tina :”O…ya”
Bayu : “Where is the umbrella?”
Tina : “It is leaning on the long sofa, in front of the ball.”
Bayu : “Where is the newspaper?”
Tina : “It is under the sofa.”
Bayu : (no answer)
Tina : “The sofa which is for one person.”
Bayu : “Ok. Where is the pillow?”
Tina : “It is on the long sofa. Do you want to sleep?” (laughing)
Bayu : (laughing) “Yes, later. Ok, is there any question?”
Tina : “Yes, where is a bag?”
Bayu : “It is on the long sofa, near the lamp.”
Tina : “Ok. What about a hat?” **(T)
Bayu : “Pardon?”(I/Clarification check)
Tina : “A hat?” (R self-repetition)
Bayu : “O……. it is on the wooden chair.” (RR)
Tina : “Ok, thank you. I think that’s all.”
Bayu : “You’re welcome.”
Analysis
The conversation above has two sequences of negotiation of meaning. In the first sequence (*) there are 27 words used by the two learners. In the second sequence (**) there are 13 words.
In the first sequence, there is a comprehensible input when Tina asked about ‘glove’. Bayu showed his non-understanding, and Tina tried to repair his non-understanding by explaining the meaning of the glove.
In both sequences there is only Clarification check used by the learners consists of three clarification check.
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