A. INTRODUCTION
Negotiation of meaning is defined as a series of exchanges conducted by addressors and addressers to help themselves understand and be understood by their interlocutors. For example, when we have a conversation with other people we usually find that we do not understand what the people say and vice versa. Thus, there will be negotiation of meaning among those people. Negotiation of meaning will occur only if there is a gap in the conversation.
In order to solve their misunderstanding or non understanding that occurs, we can solve them by checking each others’ comprehensions, requesting clarifications and confirmation and by repairing and adjusting speech (Pica, 1988). Pica et al (1989) also suggest that negotiation of meaning basically consist of four interrelated moves. They are trigger (T), signal (S), Response (R), and follow up (F).
In this case, the writer will find out how many those interrelated moves are used during a conversation of negotiation of meaning. There will be three conversations of negotiation of meaning whose the duration of each of them is five minutes; the first is a conversation whose targets are all female student of English Department, the second is a conversation between a female and a male (the targets are female student of English Department and a male student of Technical Engineering), and the third conversation is between male students (one male student from English Department and one male student from Technical Engineering). The writer then gives them information gap task and information exchange task to be done in the conversation.
From those three conversation of negotiation of meaning, the writer will identify the interrelated moves for each conversation (trigger (T), signal (S), Response (R), and follow up (F) used in the conversation). She also will count the interrelated moves used. Then, she will quantify the length of the speaking (how many words are produced per minute). This can be done by considering the meaning, the length, and the words utterances.
B. FRAME OF THEORIES
1. Negotiation of Meaning
Negotiation of meaning is defined as a series of exchanges conducted by addressors and addressers to help themselves understand and be understood by their interlocutors. Varonis and Gass (1985) proposed a simpler model for the exchanges that create negotiation of meaning. The model consist of four primes called:
a) Trigger (T) which invokes or stimulates incomplete understanding on part of the hearer.
b) Indicator (I) which is the hearer’s signal of incomplete understanding.
c) Response (R) is the original speaker’s attempt to clear up the unaccepted-input, and
d) Reaction to the response (RR) which is an element that signals either the hearer’s acceptance or continued difficulty with the speaker’s repair.
Furthermore, Pica et al (1989) suggest rhat negotiation of meaning basically consist of four interrelated moves. The moves are trigger (T), signal (S), response (R), and follow-up moves (F). Definition and examples of negotiation of meaning exchange and its elements as adapted from Pica et al (1989):
a) NNS Trigger: utterance followed by NS signal of total/partial lack of understanding
b) NS Signal: of total or partial lack of understanding
Explicit statement or request for clarification
Request for confirmation through repetition
Request for confirmation through modification
Request for confirmation through completion or elaboration
c) NNS Response
Switch to a new topic
Suppliance of information relevant to the topic
Repetition of the modification trigger
Self modification of trigger (production of modified language : phonological modification, semantic modification through synonym or paraphrase, morphological modification through sddition, substitution, or deletion, syntactic modification through embedding and elaboration
Repetition of trigger
Confirmation or acknowledge of signal only
Indicators of difficulty or inability to respond
d) Response to NNS
Comprehension signal
Continuation move
2. Language Tasks
There are five types of task according to the type of participants and the relationship among the interactant:
a) Information gap task
b) Jigsaw task
c) Problem solving task
d) Decision making task
e) Information exchange task
C. SCRIPTS
1. Script 1 (the first conversation)
This conversation is done through problem solving task and information exchange task.
A: Ike, I have much acne here,,,
B: ohh ya,,, what,,,,
A: do you know what is the solution of my problem? (T)
B: do you mean the solution of your acne? (S)
A: yeah,,, (R)
B: ok,,, I can,, I think I can give solution Riny,,, and I think you can go to doctor or skin care to consult about your problem,,, (F)
A: well, how about the cost of the consultation to the doctor?
B: it depends on,,, I think it’s about four hundred thousand rupiahs… (T)
A: parden,,, (S)
B: four hundred thousand rupiahs,,, (R)
A: WOW,,, so,, if I have to,,, if I have to go doctor I have to collect my money about four hundred thousand rupiah,,,, (F)
B: yes,,, may be you can save your money start from now,,,
A: yes,,,
B:by the way,,, you have a pet Riny,,,
A: ohh yes,,, I have a pet,,, this is a fish,,, the type of the fish is ikan layang,,, (T)
B: what? What is that?(S)
A: it is ikan layang,,, do you know,,,???(R)
B: ikan layang,,, hmmm,,, I don’t know Riny,,, (F)
A: hmmm,,,, ohh yes,,, I forget I haven’t give feed for my fish,,,
B: you forget Riny?
A: yes,,, I give,,, I feed it twice a day,,, (T)
B: twice a day? Why twice a day? Not three times a day? (S)
A: yes,,, twice a day,,, because if I feed it over,,, it will die,,,(R)
B: OHH,,, so, if it will die if you feed it three times a day,,,(F)
A: yes,, what about you Ike? Do you have any pets at your home?
B: yeah,, I have a turtle,,,,
A: wow,,,, emm,,, but I’m afraid with the turtle because he has hard body,,,
B: ohh,,, yes,,, and if the body come bigger and bigger it’s awful I think,,,
A: ohh ya,,,
B: yes,, if we clean,,, what is it? (T)
A: the aquarium? (S)
B: no,,, the body of,,,, (R)
A: the body of the turtle,,, (F)
B: yes,,, the body of the turtle itself,,, we should clean the body I think twice a week…
A: OHH.. twice a week,, it’s same with my pet,,,
B: oh yeah,,,
A: yeah,,, I have to change the water twice a week…
B: oh,,, twice a week,,,
A: yes,,, hmm,,, where did you buy your pet?
B; I buy in front of one of biggest department store in Karang…
A: how much?
B: I think,,,, I forget Riny,,,
A: ohh,,, what time?
B: hmm,,,, two years ago I think I buy the turtle,,,
A: wow,,, it’s long enough,,, do you have any other pets?
B: yes,,, I have a bird…
A: wow,,, you are a girl,,, (T)
B: oh,,, it’s my father bird,,, (S)
A: oh,,, in your home? (R )
B: yes,,, in my house,,, not in my boardinghouse.. (F)
A: oh,,, what kind of bird that your father has? (T)
B: what,,, I think,,, (S)
A: jalak,,, (R )
B: no,, no,,, no,,, the colour is yellow in part of the body,,, (F)…
A: it’s hummingbird? (T)
B: what’s hummingbird? I don’t know what’s hummingbird Riny,,, (S)
A: I know that kind of bird by playing the game,,, (R )
B: oh ya,,, do you like playing games? (F)
A: yes,,,
B: oh,,, yes,,, may be hummingbird,,,
A: may be yes,,,
B: by the way,,, have you done our homework? (T)
A: What homework? (S)
B: You forget Riny? (R )
A: Yes,,, I do not know Ike,,, could you tell me,,, (F)
B: yes,,, homework of Drama,,, we have to read ,,,, hmmm,,,, hem,,,, (T)
A: What we should read? (S)
B: The script of the Death of Salesman,,, (R)
A: Wow,,, the Death of a Salesman,,, (F)
B: yes,,,
A: how about M. Butterfly?
B: we have finished it Riny,,, last week,,, do you forget?
A: yes,,, I forget,,,
2. Script 2
This conversation is done through information gap task.
A: good night Imam,,,
B: good night Hesti,,,
A: how are you,,,
B: I’m fine,,, andt you,,,
A: I’m fine too,,, thank you,,, well,,, you said that you will take biogas to be your,,, to be the case of your script,,, you have said may be about two weeks ago,,, but I hear from ypur friend that you cancel it,,, why you cancel that? (T)
B: ok,,, ehhhh,,,, ok,,,,, I will to explain about why I cancel,,,, ehhh,,,, my script about biogas,,, ahh,,, because biogas that is very very expensive and difficult for,,, or to practice,,,, because that I,,, saya tidak melakukan itu,,, (S)
A: so that’s the reason why you don’t do that,,, (R)
B: yes,,, because it’s very expensive and difficult,,, (F)
A: so,,, it’s very difficult and expensive,,, why it’s very difficult?
B: difficult that,,, (T)
A: difficult in what case? (S)
B: difficult that is the equipment,,, (R )
A: ohh,,, so its equipment,,, (F)
B: yes,,, to practice that,,, (T)
A: do you mean to make the biogas? (S)
B: yes,,, Biogas,,, because my biogas that not same ?(R)
A: it’s not same with what? (F)
B: yes,,, it’s not same to kebanyakan yang lain gitu,,, tidak sama dengan yang lain,,,(T)
A: we can call it that it is very unique I think,,, (S)
B: yes,,, unique because I will make biogas with human fesses,,, (R )
A: human fesses? (F)
B: yeah human feses,,,
A: ohh ya,,, so,,, this is the reason of why biogas is very expensive and also very difficult to make it,,,
B: yeah,,, very difficult and expensive,,, but,,, ehh,,, if there money for support from the government,,, ehh,,,, really that program is very very good because the Indonesia country population of people,,,(T)
A: do you mean the population of Indonesia country? (S)
B: is ehh,,, (R )
A: big amount,,, (F)
B: yeah,,, heeehh,,,,
A: there are many human being in our country,,,
B: yes,,, heeh,,,, and then the fesses is to product every day,,, (T)
A: do you mean that human being produce fesses every day? (S)
B: yes,,, yes,,,(R)
A:from the fesses you can make biogas (F)
B: yeah,,, yeah,,, biogas can make to change the LPG,,,
A: oh,,, ya..
B: because biogas is more,,, more ramah lingkungan,,, (T)
A: what? (S)
B: tergantung pada alam,,, (R )
A: so,,, it’s based on the earth,,, (F)
B: yes,,, and when you will practice to make it,,,
3. Script 3
This conversation is done through information gap task.
A: hai Imam,,,
B: hai juga,,,
A: how are you today,,,
B: I’m fine,,, and you?
A: I’m fine too,,, thank you,,, ok,,, I have a little bit a,,, a,,, confused about my assignment about machine,,, can you help me to do with this assignment? (T)
B: about machine motorcycle? (S)
A: yes,,, I mean motorcycle machine,,, I got assignment to explain how machine can work and then the spare parts and then all parts of machine,,,(R)
B: oke,,, oke,,, ehhh,,,, ehh,,, machine that,,, sebenarnya itu adalah process from rotary,,, (F)
A: yes,,, heeh,,,
B: putaran,,, (T)
A:what is the use? (S)
B: to work and usually to product electrical and then action,,, gerak,,, and macem-macem,,,(R)
A: oh,,, so it’s used to product electrical and action,,, (F)
B: yes,,, it is the function,,,
A: ok,,,
B: for motorcycle sebenarnya ga jauh beda gitu,,,
A: ok,,, ok,,,,can you explain how can machine work from we push on the starter and then we can start the engine,,,
B:ehhh,,,,the machine motorcycle ehh,,, get to work every day,,, because they are accumulator,,,
A: yes,,,
B:so,,, for they get starter, if accumulator that not to function that click starter,,,, ehhh,,, ehhh,,, (T)
A: will use,,, (S)
B: yes,,, will use,,, (R)
A: how about the spare parts? (F)
B: Jadi intinya sebenarnya accumulator that for to start machine bergerak,,, cara awal itu,,, (T)
A: so,, accumator is to start machine to move,,,(S)
B: yes,,, to move,,, (R)
A:how about if motorcycle stay of too much? I mean diam terlalu lama? How about to start on the machine?(F)
B: ohh,,, when we chuck and then to on contact and gas it to play and click gass to push berulang-ulang,,
A: oke,,, then,,, how many times we should do that?
B: three times or four times we can on contact and use starter again and to warm,,, istilahnya itu,,, menghidupkan mesin secara panas,,,(T)
A: OH,,, we call it warming up right? (S)
B: yes,, warming up… (R)
A: what about the spare parts? (F)
B: then the motorcycle has component-component pokoknya,,,
A: the spare parts of motorcycle?
B: yes,,, the comparison chamber,,, (T)
A: the comparison chamber?? (S)
B: yes,,, comparison chamber,,, then there are spone,, lengan bistone,,, and then injeksi,,,(R)
A: OKE,,, is there any more parts?(F)
B: then katup,,, katup,,, so for people the combision is the jantung,,, (T)
A: so,,, for human being,,, that is the heart,,, it’s very important part,,, (S)
B: yes,,, important,,, jadi if motorcycle no combision chamber otomatis can not be start,,,(R)
A: oke,,, what about the motorcycle types? (F)
B: and then motorcycle that are two types: two tack and four tack,,, do you know the perbedaan dari keduanya? (T)
A: ohh,,, there are two types,,, do you mean the differences among them? (S)
B: yes,,, the differences,,, (R)
A: well,,, just the sound,,, if two tack is treeeteetteeetettttt,,,, then if four tack is beeemmm bemmm beemm,,,,(F)
B: no,,, two tack and four tack is a to different,,, (T)
A: do you mean they are different?(S)
B: yes,,, different,,, (F)
D. DISCUSSION
In this discussion, the writer discusses the trigger, signal, response, and follow up moves are used in each conversation. She also quantifies the amount of words that are produced per minute for each conversation. Those are described as follow:
1. Script 1
In the first conversation between the female students of English Department, they have ten negotiation of meaning. In this case, they produced ten trigger, ten signals, ten responses, and also ten follow up moves. One example of a negotiation of meaning of the conversation as below:
A: do you know what is the solution of my problem? (T)
B: the solution of your acne? (S)
A: yeah,,, the solution of my acne,,,(R)
B: ok,,, I can,, I think I can give solution Riny,,, and I think you can go to doctor or skin care to consult about your problem,,, (F)
Based on the example of a negotiation of meaning we can identify:R
a) Trigger
In the trigger, it stimulate that there’s incomplete understanding of the message given on the part of the hearer. The first speaker (A) said “do you know what is the solution of my problem?”, then, this utterance is not understood by the hearer (B).
b) Signals
After the first speaker said the utterance, the second speaker gives signal that she does not understand with what the first speaker said. This signal is done by repeating the first speaker utterance. She shows her signal through morphological modification through request confirmation through repetition; “the solution of your acne?”. Based on the analysis of the first script, most signals that are used in the conversation are made through request confirmation through repetition.
c) Response
Next, the first speaker tries to clear up what she has said to make the second speaker gets the message. She responded by giving repetition of modification of the trigger; “yeah,,, the solution of my acne,,” in the negotiation of meaning of the conversation, the responses that are used are done through giving repetition of modification of the trigger.
d) Follow up
Then after the second hearer understood she continue the conversation by comprehension signal; “ok,,, I can,, I think I can give solution Riny,,, and I think you can go to doctor or skin care to consult about your problem,,,”. In the conversation, the follow up move that are used in most negotiation of meaning are by giving comprehension signal and continuation moves to continue their conversation.
The writer also analyses the amount of words that are produced by the speakers per minute. Based on her analyses, the first speaker generally produced fifty words per minute. While the second speaker generally produced thirty two words per minute. The first speaker is more fluent in speaking than the second speaker even though they are in the same level of English study. Furthermore, there are many pause made by the second speaker during the conversation and there are also ungrammatical utterances made by her.
2. Script 2
This conversation of negotiation of meaning is made by female student of English Department and a male student of Technical Engineering. There are seven negotiations of meanings that are made. This is the example of negotiation of meaning they have made.
B: difficult that,,, (T)
A: difficult in what case? (S)
B: difficult that is the equipment,,, (R )
A: ohh,,, so it’s equipment,,, (F)
The identification of the trigger, signals, responses, and follow up moves are as bellow
a) Trigger
The trigger stimulates that the hearer (A) does not understand the message of what has been said by speaker (B). the trigger is “difficult that,,,”
b) Signal
From the trigger, the hearer (A) signs that she does not understand the message of his utterance. Then, she gave the signals that she does not understand by making request confirmation through repetition; “difficult in what case?” Most signals used in the conversation also done by making this request confirmation though repetition.
c) Response
Then, to clear up the non understanding of the hearer (A), the speaker (B) gives morphological modification through addition; “difficult that is the equipment,,,”. This modification is used in most of the responses in this conversation.
d) Follow up
The follow up move is made by giving comprehension signal; ” ohh,,, so it’s equipment,,,”. Comprehension signal and continuation moves are used for the follow up in this conversation.
Based on the analysis, the male student from Technical Engineering produced fewer words than female student of English Department; he generally produced thirty five words per minute while the female student produced fifty words per minute. From the education background can be seen that the female student must be more fluent than the male student who also made many pauses during the conversation. He also often says Indonesia language in the conversation and most of utterances he said are ungrammatical.
3. Script 3
This conversation of negotiation of meaning is between two males; male student form English Department and male student from Technical Engineering. There are nine negotiation of meaning in this conversation. An example of the negotiation of meaning is as below.
B: yes,,, the comparison chamber,,, (T)
A: the comparison chamber?? (S)
B: yes,,, comparison chamber,,, then there are spone,, lengan bistone,,, and then injeksi,,,(R)
A: OKE,,, is there any more parts?(F)
The identification of the trigger, signals, responses, and follow up moves are:
a) Trigger
The trigger that indicates the non understanding of the hearer (A) is “yes,,, the comparison chamber,,,”
b) Signals
the hearer (A) shows his non understanding by requesting confirmation through repetition; “the comparison chamber??” most of signals made in the negotiation of meaning are made through request for confirmation through repetition.
c) Responses
In order to clear up the hearer’s non understanding, the speaker (B) tries to clear up his utterance by supplying informations relevant to the topic; “yes,,, comparison chamber,,, then there are spone,, lengan bistone,,, and then injeksi,,,”
d) Follow up
And the reaction to the response, the hearer made continuation move to continue their conversation; “OKE,,, is there any more parts?”
The male student from English Department must speak more fluent and grammatical then the male students from Technical Engineering. The male student from English Department produced forty five words per minute grammatically while the male student from Technical Engineering produced thirty nine words per minute ungrammatically.
E. CONCLUSION
From the discussion above, the writer can conclude that negotiation of meaning is defined as a series of exchanges conducted by addressors and addressers to help themselves understand and be understood by their interlocutors. Furthermore, Pica et al (1989) suggest that negotiation of meaning basically consist of four interrelated moves. The moves are trigger (T), signal (S), response (R), and follow-up moves (F).
Most signals that are used in those conversations above are made through request confirmation through repetition. While on the response, the responses that are used are done through giving repetition of modification of the trigger or by making utterance by supplying information relevant to the topic. Then, comprehension signal and continuation moves are used for the follow up in this conversation of negotiation of meaning.
From those conversation of negotiation of meaning, there are no differences for gender on how the get the message. One aspect that gives most impact in the negotiation of meaning is background knowledge and educational background. This can be seen from the amount of words produced by the students per minute, and also are their utterances grammatical or not. In average, the students produced forty five words grammatically with fewer pauses for students who have good background knowledge and educational background toward the topic and for students who lack of them produced about thirty words ungrammatically with long pause.
In order to have more data about negotiation of meaning, it is suggested to analyze negotiation of meaning of local language, for example, negotiation of meaning between Lampungnese and Javanese, Sundanese and Balinese, Bataknese and Lampungnese, etc.
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar