Second Language Acquisition (SLA) Assignment
(Negotiation of Meaning in Interaction)
By :
Yulia Helwana
0713042053
Art and Language Department
English Education Study Program
Teacher Training and Education Faculty
2010
INTRODUCTION
The study of interaction within the last two decades is partly due to consideration of the role of communication for second/foreign language acquisition. Second/foreign language acquisition occurs especially when learners are engaged in the use of the language for communication. Interaction is treated as one of the most important aspect that influences the success or failure of second and or foreign language acquisition. Pica, Kanagy, and Falodun (1993) calimed that ‘language is best learned and taught through interaction’ (p.10). Long (1996) confirms that interactional modification leads to second language development and more active involvement in negotiated interaction leads to greater development.
Interaction is very important in acquiring a language, because without interaction someone would never acquire a language. Long (1981, 1982) said that comprehensible input is not enough for language acquisition. Learners need to interact with native speaker. Long’s study found that the native speaker talk to nonnative speaker contained a limited number of input modifications but extensive interactional adjustment. Modification to the interactional structure of conversation were the most important and widely used of making input comprehensible.
Negotiation of Meaning in Interaction
Negotiation of meaning is defined as a series of exchanges conducted by addressors and addresses to help themselves understand and be understood by their interlocutor. For example, during communicative exchanges in which addresses had difficulty understanding and addressors sensed this difficulty, addressors could restructure the conversation in order to make their input comprehensible ton addresses and thus allow the conversation to continue. In this restructuring, addressors could, for example, pause and question addresses as to whether they understood, or sensing confusion on the addresses’ part, addressors could simply repeat themselves vibratim or in paraphrase.
These same restructuring techniques could be used following utterances of the addressees. Such modification would give interlocutors more opportunities to negotiate for message meaning and would allow addressees more to produce message content and thus sort out the confusion it triggered. Addressees could restructure the conversation through requests to addressors for clarification or through utterances seeking to confirm whether what they heard was actually what had been said.
Veronis and Gass proposed a simpler model for the exchanges that create negotiation of meaning. The model consists of four primes called:
• Trigger (T) which invokes or stimulates incomplete understanding on the part of hearer.
• Indicator (I) which is the hearer’s signal of incomplete understanding.
• Response (R) is the original speaker attempt to clear up the unaccepted-input.
• Reaction to the response (R) which is an element that signals either the hearer’s acceptance or continued difficulty with the speaker’s repair.
The models also suggest that in an interactional modification or negotiation, there are at least two different moves: the move of signals and the move of reaction to the signal (repair or modification). The move of signal consists of three concepts: confirmation check, comprehension check, and clarification request. The repair move consists of self- and other-repetition, elaboration and justification.
A. Transcription of Negotiation of Meaning
The Conversations as Follow:
Conversation 1 (Female vs Female)
Adressor : Lena
Adressee : Keyla
This conversation was taken from the interaction between Keyla and Lena. They were in the same senior high school but they separated when they attended different university, Lena was accepted as the student of English Department in one of university in Jogja and Keyla is the student of Physic Department in Lampung University. One day, Lena came to Keyla’s new house for the first time and this is the dialogue between them.
Lena : “Woooouuu…!!! Your house is so big, how many members of your family now???” (Trigger)
Keyla : “huh??” (i* “Clarification Request”)
Lena : “How many members of your family now??” (R** “Repetition of Trigger)
Keyla : “My family??” now??” (i “Confirmation Request with Trigger unmodified”)
Lena : “yeah, members of your family”. (R “Repetition of Indicator or Signal”)
Keyla : “hmmm, eight, I got one more sister last two months..”. (RR)
Lena : “oww, eight, you get one more sister??..” hhahha (i “Confirmation Request”)
Keyla : “yeah..”. (R)
Lena : “Are you happy or you sad??” (Trigger)
Keyla : “am I happy or sad?? (i “Confirmation Request with Trigger unmodified”)
Lena : “yeah, are happy or sad??” (R “ Repetition of Trigger”)
Keyla : “Hmmm, maybe both of them. By the way, lets go to my room..”. (RR)
Lena : “Where is your room?? Is that upstairs??” (Trigger)
Keyla : “what?? My sister’s crying make me can’t hear you well”. (i “Clarification Request with Trigger modified”)
Lena : “Is your room upstairs??” (R “Repetition of Trigger”)
Keyla : “yeah, my room is upstairs, just follow me!! (In minutes) Well, this is my room, come in!!..” (RR)
Lena : “hhmmm, you still like blue??” (Trigger)
Keyla : “pardon” (i “Clarification Request”)
Lena : “I said you still like blue??” (R “ Modification of Trigger”)
Keyla : “yeah of course, blue is always beautiful, as I am..(laughing)… (RR)
Lena : “Do you sleep alone or with your sister??” (Trigger)
Keyla : “huhh??” (i “Clarification Request” )
Lena : “Do you sleep with your sister??” (R “Modification of Trigger”)
Keyla : “ohh, no no, I sleep alone..” (RR)
Lena : “You sleep alone in this big room??” (i “Confirmation Request”)
Keyla : “ummm, yeah..” (R)
Lena : “hhmmm..Do you mind if I lay on your bed??” (Trigger)
Keyla : “what??” (i “Clarification Request”)
Lena : “May I lay my body on your bed??” (R “Modification of Trigger”)
Keyla : “Lay??? Ohh Of course not honey..”. (laughing) (RR)
Lena : “thanks,..”. (R)
The conversation above contains 37 words in each trigger and there are 6 triggers. This conversation also contains of three Indicators (*)that is Clarification check, Confirmation request, and comprehension check. Besides that, it also has two kinds of Response (**) that is Repetition of Trigger and Modification of Trigger. This conversation takes about more than 2 minutes. This conversation belongs to Information Gaps of Negotiation of Meaning.
Conversation 2 (Female vs Male)
Adressor : Lena
Adressee : Rifky
This conversation was taken from the interaction between Lena and Rifky.
Lena : “Could you tell me where the library is?” (Trigger)
Rifky : “What?” (i* “Clarification Request”)
Lena : “Could you tell me where the library is?” (R** “Repetition of Trigger”)
Rifky : “library?” (i* “Confirmation Request with Trigger unmodified”)
Lena : “yeah, library”. (R** “Repetition of Indicator or Signal”
Rifky : “oh, just go straight along this street and the library is on the right side of the street”. (RR***).
Lena : “How about the Law Faculty? Where is it?” (Trigger)
Rifky : “(frowning.. no answer)” (non-verbal Indicatorl)
Lena : “Could you please tell me where the Law Faculty is?” (R** “Repetition of Trigger).
Rifky : “hhmm.. Law Faculty?” (i* “Confirmation Request with trigger unmodified”).
Lena : “yes, Law Faculty?” (R** “Repetition of Indicator or Signal”).
Rifky : “hhmm, over there, beside the Economic Faculty”. (RR***).
Lena : “How can I get there?” (Trigger)
Rifky : “Pardon?” (i* “Clarification Request”).
Lena : “Could you tell me how can I get to the Law Faculty?” (R** “Modification of Trigger”).
Rifky : “You want to get there?” (i* “Confirmation Request with Trigger Modified”).
Lena : “Yes, I want to get there”. (R** “Repetition of Indicator”).
Rifky : “just turn right and then go straight and on the corner of this street you will find the Law Faculty”. (RR***).
Lena : “Thank you, emmm, but…. May I ask you one more question?” (Trigger)
Rifky : “Ask question?” (i* “Confirmation Request with Trigger Unmodified”).
Lena : “One more question”. (R** “Repetition of Trigger”).
Rifky : “Yes, please”. (RR***).
Lena : “After I went to the Law Faculty then I want to go to Medical Faculty, how can I get there?” (Trigger).
Rifky : “Medical Faculty?” (I* “Confirmation Request with Trigger Unmodified”).
Lena : “Yes Medical Faculty”. (R** “Repetition of Trigger”).
Rifky : “(no answer)” (non-verbal Indicators).
Lena : “Can you tell me how can I get to the Medical Faculty?” (R** “Repetition of Trigger”).
Rifky : “ohh yeah, from the Law Faculty you can go straight and then turn right and just go on and when you find three junction just turn left and Medical Faculty is on the corner of that street”. (RR***).
Lena : “ohh.. Thank you very much..”
The conversation above contains of 32 words in every trigger and it contains of 4 trigger. This conversation also contains of four Indicators (*) that is Clarification check, Confirmation request, comprehension check, and non-verbal indicator. Besides that, it also has two kinds of Response (**) that is Repetition of Trigger and Modification of Trigger. This conversation takes about more than 2 minutes. This conversation belongs to Information Gaps of Negotiation of Meaning.
Conversation 3 (Male vs Male)
This conversation was taken from the interaction between two senior high school students. They are Angga and Dewa.
Angga : “Where is the computer?”. (Trigger)
Dewa : “What?” (i* “Clarification Request”)
Angga : “Where is the computer?” (R** “Repetition of Trigger”)
Dewa : “Computer?” (i* “Confirmation Request with Trigger Unmodified”).
Angga : “yes, computer”. (R** “Repetition of Indicator”).
Dewa : “ohh, the computer is on the table beside the Cupboard”. (RR***).
Angga : “ohh..”
Dewa : “What about the bag? Where is it?” (Trigger).
Angga : “Did you mean Travel Bag?” (i* “Confirmation Request with Trigger Modified”).
Dewa : “Yes travel bag”. (R** “Confirm or Negate Indicator”).
Angga : “ohh, it’s under the table beside the box”. (RR***).
Dewa : “hmmm”.
Angga : “Where is the Fan?” (Trigger).
Dewa : “The fan?” (i* “Confirmation Request with Trigger Unmodified”).
Angga : “yes the fan”. (R** “Confirm or Negate Idicator”).
Dewa : “It stands on the floor next to the bed”. (RR***).
Angga : “How about the Television?” (Trigger).
Dewa : “pardon me?” (i* “Clarification Request”).
Angga : “Is there any Sofa in that room?” (R** “Switch to a new topic”).
Dewa : “huhh?” (i* “Clarification Request”).
Angga : “Is there any sofa over there?” (R** “Repetition of Trigger”).
Dewa : “Sofa?” (i* “Confirmation Request with Trigger unmodified”).
Angga : “Yea, sofa”. (R** “Confirm or Negate Indicator”).
Dewa : “hmm. Yeah, it’s beside the door”. (RR***).
Angga : “Yes”.
Dewa : “How many cupboards in that room?” (Trigger).
Angga : “pardon?” (i* “Clarification Request”)
Dewa : “How many cupboards in that room?” (R** “Repetition of Trigger”).
Angga : “Cupboard?” (i* “Confirmation Request with Trigger Unmodified”).
Dewa : “yes, cupboard” (R** “Confirm or Negate Indicator”).
Angga : “hmmm, there is three cupboards”. (RR***).
Dewa : “That’s not the correct tense”.
Angga : “(laughing)”
Dewa : “Where is the picture?” (Trigger).
Angga : “The picture of women?” (i* “Confirmation Request with Trigger Modified”).
Dewa : “Yes, the picture of women”. (R** “Confirm or Negate Indicator”).
Angga : “ohh, it’s hanging on the wall”. (RR***).
Dewa : “hmmm”
The conversation above contains of 22-42 words in every trigger and it contains of 6 trigger. This conversation also contains of four Indicators (*) that is Clarification check, Confirmation request, and comprehension check. Besides that, it also has two kinds of Response (**) that is Repetition of Trigger and Modification of Trigger. This conversation takes about more than 2 minutes. This conversation belongs to Information Gaps of Negotiation of Meaning.
Conversation 4 (Male vs Female)
This conversation was taken from the interaction between two senior high school students. They are Angga and Santi.
Angga : “What was your score for Math mid test yesterday?” (Trigger).
Santi : “Say it again please..?” (i* “Clarification Request”).
Angga : “What was your score for Math mid test yesterday?” (R** “Repetition of Indicator”).
Santi : “My math score?” (i* “Confirmation Request withTrigger Unmodified”).
Angga : “yes” (R** “Confirm or Negate Indicator”).
Santi : “I got 70”. (RR***).
Angga : “good”
Santi : “How about yours?”. (Trigger).
Angga : “huhh?” (i* “Clarification Request”).
Santi : “What score that you got?” (R** “Modification of Trigger”).
Angga : “Did you mean mine?” (i* “Confirmation Request with Trigger Modified”).
Santi : “Yes”.
Angga : “I got 80”. (RR***).
Santi : “cool”.
Angga : “Thanks, hhmm by the way, have you finished your English homework?” (Trigger).
Santi ; “pardon?” (i* “Clarification Request”).
Angga : “Have you finished your English homework?” (R** “Repetition of Trigger”.
Santi : “My English homework?” (i* “Confirmation Request with Trigger Unmodified”).
Angga : “Yes”. (R** “Confirm or Negate Indicator”).
Santi : “Yes of course”. (RR***).
Angga : “When it will be submitted?” (Trigger).
Santi : “hmmm” (Non-verbal Indicators).
Angga : “hmmm?”
Santi : “May be next week”. (RR***).
Angga : “hmmm, Santi, do you mind if you help me to finish my English homework? I face difficulties in doing that”. (Trigger).
Santi : “what?” (i* “ Clarification Request”).
Angga : “please help me to finish my English homework, I have difficulties in doing that”. (R** “Repetition of Trigger).
Santi : “Help you to finish your homework?” (i* “Clarification Request with Trigger unmodified”).
Angga : “Yes”. (R** “Confirm or Negate Indicator”).
Santi : “ok, never mind”. (RR***).
Angga : “Thanks”..
Santi : “When will you do that?” (Trigger).
Angga : “You mean my English homework?” (i* “Confirmation Request with Trigger Modified”).
Santi : “yes”. (R** “Confirm or Negate Indicator”).
Angga : “How about after we go home?” (RR***).
Santi : “ok”.
The conversation above contains of 22-42 words in every trigger and it contains of 5 triggers. This conversation also contains of four Indicators (*) that is Clarification check, Confirmation request, comprehension check and non-verbal Indicator. Besides that, it also has two kinds of Response (**) that is Repetition of Trigger, Modification of Trigger and Confirm or Negate Indicator. This conversation takes about more than 2 minutes. This conversation belongs to Information Gaps of Negotiation of Meaning
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