AN ANALYSIS NEGOTIATION OF MEANING
(Task 2)
by
Asty Setyowati
0713042001
(S1 Reguler 2007)
ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
LANGUAGE AND ART DEPARTEMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND PEDAGOGY
THE UNIVERSITY OF LAMPUNG
2011
INTRODUCTION
Negotiation of meaning appears to be an important element in facilitating learners to gain comprehensible input and to produce comprehensible output. Negotiation of meaning occurs when two or more participants involve in oral interaction and found a potential for the communication to breakdown. Four components of negotiation of meaning are trigger, signal, respond and follow up.
According to Krashen (1985) second language learners acquire the target language by receiving comprehensible input. The learner’s current states of knowledge function as the basis for the next development of learner knowledge. Learners will only acquire the second language if they receive input a bit beyond their current state of knowledge.
Negotiation of meaning is defined as a series of exchanges conducted by addressors and addressees to help themselves understand and be understood by their interlocutors. In this case, native speaker and non native speaker interact and work together to solve any potential misunderstanding and non understanding that occurs
Transcript:
FEMALE-FEMALE
Ani : Is there any ground beef? (Trigger)
Pita : What? (Signal)
Ani : Is there any ground beef? (Respond)
Pita : what do you mean, beef? (Signal)
Ani : Beef means meat. (Respond)
Pita : Oh yes, there is some ground beef. (follow up)
Ani : Is there any orange juice? (Trigger)
Pita : Yes, there is some orange juice. (Respond)
Ani : Are there any bananas? Trigger)
Pita : No, there aren’t any bananas. (Respond)
Ani : Are there any carrots? (Trigger)
Pita : No, there aren’t any carrots. (Respond)
Ani : Is there any mayonnaise? (Trigger)
Pita : Mayonnaise? (Signal)
Ani : Yes, mayonnaise. (Respond)
Pita : What do you mean by mayonnaise? (Signal)
Ani : Lettuce sauce. (Respond)
Pita : Oh no, there isn’t any mayonnaise. (Follow up)
Ani : Is there any fish? (Trigger)
Pita : Yes, there is some fish. (Respond)
Ani : Is there any cheese? (Trigger)
Pita : Yes, there is some cheese. (Respond)
Ani : Are there any soft drinks? (Trigger)
Pita : Yes, there are some soft drinks. (Respond)
FEMALE-MALE
Mila : Are there any eggs? (Trigger)
Eko : Yes, there are some eggs. (Signal)
Mila : Is there any ketchup? (Respond)
Eko : What? (Signal)
Mila : Is there any ketchup? (Respond)
Eko : Ketchup? (Signal)
Mila : Yes, ketchup. (Respond)
Eko : Oh no, there isn’t any ketchup. (Follow up)
Mila : Are there any pears? (Trigger)
Eko : No, there aren’t any pears. (Respond)
Mila : Is there any chicken? (Trigger)
Eko : Yes, there is some chicken. (Respond)
Mila : Are there any carrots? (Trigger)
Eko : Carrots? (Signal)
Mila : Yes, carrots. (Respond)
Eko : What do you mean? (Signal)
Mila : The food for rabbit, carrots. (Respond)
Eko : Oh yes, there are some carrots. (Follow up)
Mila : Is there any lettuce? (Trigger)
Eko : What? (Signal)
Mila : Is there any lettuce? (Trigger)
Eko : Oh yes, there is some lettuce. (Respond)
Mila : Are there any tomatoes? (Trigger)
Eko : Yes, there aren’t any tomatoes. (Respond)
Mila : Is there any yogurt? (Trigger)
Eko : No there isn’t any yogurt. ((Respond)
MALE-MALE
Eko : Is there any ground beef? (Trigger)
Adi : Yes, there is some ground beef. (Respond)
Eko : Is there any orange juice? (Trigger)
Adi : Yes, there is some orange juice. (Respond)
Eko : Are there any bananas? (Trigger)
Adi : No, there aren’t any bananas. (Respond)
Eko : Are there any carrots? (Trigger)
Adi : What? (Signal)
Eko : Carrots. (Respond)
Adi : What do you mean by carrots? (Signal)
Eko : One of vegetable that is rich of vitamin A, in Indonesia called Wortel (Respond).
Adi : No, there aren’t any carrots. (Follow up)
Eko : Is there any mayonnaise? (Trigger)
Adi : Oh no, there isn’t any mayonnaise. (Respond)
Eko : Is there any fish? (Trigger)
Adi : What? (Signal)
Eko : Fish. (Respond)
Adi : What do you mean by fish? (Signal)
Eko : One of animal that lived in the water. (Respond)
Adi : Oh fish. Yes, there is some fish. (Follow up)
Eko : Is there any cheese? (Trigger)
Adi : Yes, there is some cheese. (Respond)
Eko : Are there any soft drinks? (Trigger)
Adi : What? (Signal)
Eko : Soft drinks. (Respond)
Adi : What do you mean by soft drinks? (Signal)
Eko : Like coca cola or sprite. (Respond)
Adi : Yes, there ere some soft drinks. (Follow up)
Analysis Negotiation of Meaning
This is analysis about the implementation of information gap task in order to identify negotiation of meaning between male-female students, male-male students and female-female students.
Negotiation of meaning appears to be an important element in facilitating learners to gain comprehensible input and to produce comprehension output. From the conversation below, there are some triggers, signals, responses and follow up.
The three conversations shown that when non native speaker/speaker 2 indicate that they do not understand a message, expressed through comments such as ‘What’, the native speaker/speaker 1 help the non native speaker/ speaker to comprehend by modifying their utterances.
In this conversation, the move of signal consists of three concepts: confirmation check, comprehension check and clarification request.
For example:
Ani : Is there any ground beef?
Pita : What? It is confirmation check.
Ani : Is there any ground beef? It is comprehension check.
Pita : what do you mean, beef? It is clarification request.Ani : Beef means meat.
Pita : Oh yes, there is some ground beef.
Ani : Is there any mayonnaise?
Pita : Mayonnaise? It is confirmation check.
Ani : Yes, mayonnaise. It is comprehension check.
Pita : What do you mean by mayonnaise? It is clarification requestAni : Lettuce sauce.
Pita : Oh no, there isn’t any mayonnaise.
Mila : Is there any ketchup?
Eko : What? It is confirmation check.
Mila : Is there any ketchup? It is comprehension check.Eko : Ketchup? It is clarification requestMila : Yes, ketchup.
Eko : Oh no, there isn’t any ketchup.
Mila : Are there any carrots?
Eko : Carrots? It is confirmation check. Mila : Yes, carrots. It is comprehension check. Eko : What do you mean? It is clarification requestMila : The food for rabbit, carrots.
Eko : Oh yes, there are some carrots.
Eko : Are there any carrots?
Adi : What? It is confirmation check. Eko : Carrots. It is comprehension check.
Adi : What do you mean by carrots? It is clarification requestEko : One of vegetable that is rich of vitamin A,
in Indonesia called Wortel.
Adi : No, there aren’t any carrots.
Eko : Is there any fish?
Adi : What? It is confirmation check.Eko : Fish. It is comprehension check. Adi : What do you mean by fish? It is clarification requestEko : One of animal that lived in the water.
Adi : Oh fish. Yes, there is some fish.
Eko : Are there any soft drinks?
Adi : What? It is confirmation check.Eko : Soft drinks. It is comprehension check.Adi : What do you mean by soft drinks? It is clarification requestEko : Like coca cola or sprite.
Adi : Yes, there ere some soft drinks
.
CONCLUSION
From the analysis, I found that in the conversation there are four components of negotiation of meaning are trigger, signal, respond and follow up. In the interaction of female-male, male-male and female-female students, there are some misunderstanding and native speaker (speaker 1) tried to solve some misunderstanding of non native speaker (speaker 2). To solve some misunderstanding of non native speaker (speaker 2), native speaker used repetition, elaboration and justification.
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