NEGOTIATION OF MEANING
(SLA Assignment)
By
Dian Irawan
0713042022
ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
ART AND LANGUAGE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
SCHOOL OFEDUCATION AND PEDAGOGY
UNIVERSITY OF LAMPUNG
2011
I. INTRODUCTION
Negotiation of meaning is defined as a series of exchanges conducted by addressors and addressees to help themselves understand and be understood by their interlocutors.
The study of interaction within the last two decades is partly due to consideration of the role of communication for second/foreign language acquisition. Second/foreign language acquisition occurs especially when learners are engaged in the use of the language for communication. Interaction is treated as one of the most important aspects that influences the success or failure of second and or foreign language acquisition.
Interaction is very important in acquiring a language, because without interaction someone would never acquire a language. Long (1981, 1982) said that comprehensible input is not enough for language acquisition. Learners need to interact with native speaker. Long’s study found that the native speaker talk to nonnative speaker contained a limited number of input modifications but extensive interactional adjustment
In order to solve their misunderstanding or non understanding that occurs, we can solve them by checking each others’ comprehensions, requesting clarifications and confirmation and by repairing and adjusting speech (Pica, 1988). Pica et al (1989) also suggest that negotiation of meaning basically consist of four interrelated moves. They are trigger (T), signal (S), Response (R), and follow up (F).
Writer had recorded three conversations before. Then, in this paper she will find out and analyze how many interrelated moves are used during the conversations of negotiation of meaning.
II. FRAME OF THEORIES
Negotiation of meaning is defined as a series of exchanges conducted by addressors and addressees to help themselves understand and be understood by their interlocutors. In this case, when native speakers and non native speakers are involved in an interaction, both interactants work together to solve any potential misunderstanding or non understanding that occurs. Their misunderstanding or non understanding that occurs can be solve by checking each others’ comprehensions, requesting clarifications and confirmation and by repairing and adjusting speech (Pica, 1988).
Long (1981, 1982) says comprehensible input is not enough for language acquisition. Learners need to interact with native speakers. He discovered that number of input modifications but extensive interactional adjustments. The hypothesis advances two major claims about second language acquisition:
1. Comprehensible input is necessary for acquisition.
2. Modifications to the interactional structure of conversation in the process of negotiating solutions to communication problem helps in making input comprehensible to learners.
1. Comprehensible input is necessary for acquisition.
2. Modifications to the interactional structure of conversation in the process of negotiating solutions to communication problem helps in making input comprehensible to learners.
According to Pica et al (1989), negotiation of meaning consist of some interrelated moves, they are:
ü Trigger (T) : utterances followed by native speaker (NS) signal of total/partial lack of understanding.
ü Signal (S) : of total or partial lack of understanding. There are four types of signal;
a. explicit statement or request for clarification
b. request for confirmation through repetition of the nonnative speaker (NNS)
c. request for confirmation through modification of the NNS
d. request for confirmation through completion or elaboration of the NNS
ü Response (R) : Reply of the signal.
NNS Response:
a. Switch to the topic
b. Suppliance of information relevant to the topic, but not directly responsive to NS signal
c. Repetition of the NS modification of trigger
d. Self modification of trigger (phonological modification, semantic modification through synonym or paraphrase, morphological modification through eddition, substitution, or deletion, syntactic modification through embedding and elaboration)
e. Repetition of NNS trigger
f. Confirmation of signal only
g. Indication of difficulty or inability to respond
Response to NNS:
a. Comprehension signal
b. Continuation move
ü Follow up (F) : indication of understanding
III. THE CONVERSATION SCRIPTS & CODING
3.1 The First Conversation
This conversation was taken from the interaction between two women, named Tuti and Tita.
Tuti : Hi, good morning, Tita
Tita : Morning, Tuti
Tuti : Hmm Do you have favorite thing in your house? (Trigger)
Tita : Hmm… yes. I have….. It’s my glass. It’s glass with bear picture.
(Signal, Comprehension Check)
Tuti : You are have like a child, you know? (Respond)
Tita. : Yes. (Follow Up)
Tuti : You know, I don’t have any favorite thing in my house. (Trigger)
Tita. : Why? (Signal)
Tuti : because, I don’t like anything in my house.
(Respond, Self Expression)
Tita. : You don’t like anything? (Signal, Confirmation Check)
Tuti : Yes. (Follow Up)
Tita. : are you sure? (Trigger)
Tuti : no no no, I like my motorcycle actually. (Signal, Clarification Request)
Tita. : Ooh… Why? (Respond)
Tuti : It always accompanies me wherever I want to go, such as my
school, and my campus now.
Tita. : When you bought it? (Signal, Confirmation Check)
Tuti : when I in senior high school, thirt grade actually. (Respond, Self Repetition)
Tita. : Oh, it is so long. (Follow Up)
Tuti : You know why I bought motorcycle? (Trigger)
Tita. : No. (Signal)
Tuti : It is because my house is too far to my school. So I usually go to my school use…(Respond)
Tita. : Angkot? (Signal, Confirmation Check)
Tuti : Me myself (Respond)
Tita. : By angkot? (Signal, Confirmation Check)
Tuti : No, not by angkot (Respond)
Tita. : By your foot? (Signal, Clarification Request)
Tuti : By my foot but I think it was so tired at that time to walk.
(Respond)
Tita. : Alone? (Signal, Confirmation Check)
Tuti : Alone with my foot. (Follow Up)
Tita. : Hmm…
Tuti : And find angkot here, I found so many pickpockets there.
(Trigger)
Tita. : Yes, I know. (Signal)
Tuti : So, that is why I asked my father to buy….(Respond)
Tita. : Motorcycle. (Follow Up)
Tita. : So, what is the brand of your motorcycle, Honda or yamaha? (Trigger)
Tuti : As you see here, it mio, yamaha.(Signal, Comprehension Check)
Tita. : yamaha? (Respond, self repetition)
Tuti : Yes, I like Yamaha better than honda.(Respond, Self Expression)
Tita. : Oh why. (Follow Up)
Tuti : Because Yamaha is more fast than Honda. You know I have 2 time breake this motorcycle. (Trigger)
Tita. : You haven’t broken this motorcycle? (Signal, Confirmation)
Tuti : Yes, fell with this motorcycle, I haven’t.
(Respond, self expression)
Tita. : Woow, how it’s happened?.(Follow Up)
Tuti : I do not, it happened suddenly. .
Tita : Oh my God.
Tita. : You know, how was about my feeling at that time? (Trigger)
Tuti : Oh, you feel shock?
(Signal, Comprehension Check)
Tita. : Yes. (Respond)
Tuti : How could you fell from your motorcycle? How was the way?
By jumping? (Signal, Clarification Request)
Tita. : No, It was when I learnt how to ride it, I forgot where the….
What is “rem” in English? (Respond)
Tuti : Rem? Choke. (Signal, Comprehension Check)
Tita. : Yes, I forgot where the choke is. (Respond)
Tuti : So you choose the break? (Signal, Confirmation Check)
Tita. : Yes,
Tuti : The gas?
Tita. : Yes, the gases
Tuti : Ok Tita. I think I should go home. So, I’ll see you next week.
Bye. (Follow Up)
3.2 The Second Conversation
This conversation between one man and one man, named Dani and Fery
Fery : good morning dani?
Dani : morning.
Fery : how are you today?
Dani : fine.
Fery : Dani, what will you do to day?
Dani : I want to write an invitation letter. (Trigger)
Fery : write what? (S) Request for Clarification
Dani : invitation letter. (R)Repetition of the trigger
Fery : obligation letter? (S) Request for Clarification
Dani : No, invitation letter. It’s letter for invite someone. (R) Suppliance of information relevant to the topic.
Fery : Oh, I see. (Follow up)
Dani : Do you want invite your friends? (S) Comprehension Check
Fery : Yes, (R)
Dani : Could you give me the list?
Fery : Sure, just take it in the table. (Trigger)
Dani : table? (S) Request for Confirmation through repetition
Fery : Yes (R) Confirmation of Signal
Dani : Which table? (Follow up)
Fery : the brown one near the television. (Trigger)
Dani : the table which is brown? (S) Request for Confirmation through modification
Fery : Yes (R) Confirmation of Signal
Dani : Ok, I’ll take it.(Follow up)
Dani : Fer, Can I borrow a pan, please? (Trigger)
Fery : a what? pan? (S) Request for Clarification
Dani : mmmm…. (R) Indication of difficulty or inability to response
Dani: pardon? (S) Request for Clarification
Fery : Pen, for writing.. (R) Suppliance of information relevant to the topic.
Dani : Yes.. yes.. (Follow up)
Fery : You can take it in the drawer in the living room.
Dani : There are three drawers. Which one?
Fery : The second drawer. (Trigger)
Dani : Second drawer? (S)Request of confirmation through repetition
Fery : Yes (R) Confirmation of Signal
Fery : Can you find it? (Follow up)
Dani : Oh yes, here’s the pen.
Fery : Thanks bro, I’ll start to write the letter.
Dani : Good luck
3.3 The Third Conversation
This conversation between one man and one woman, named Dani and Tita
Dani : Hey Tita, I saw your facebook a fiew moment. (Trigger)
Tita : Yes? (Signal)
Dani : And I saw your wallpaper. It looks like your boy friend.
(Respond)
Tita : Yes, of course yes. (S) Clarification Request
Dani : Hey, you changed your boyfriend again. (R)
Tita : Yes, this is my new boyfriend. (F)
Tita : By the way, do you know Tom cruise? (T)
Dani : Tom what? (S) Request of clarification
Tita : Tom Cruise (R) Repetition of trigger
Dani : Oh, the most handsome man in the world, right? (F)
Tita : Yeah, but actually he’s not only a handsome but actor too
Dani : Wow…
Tita : Have you ever seen his movie? (T)
Dani : Yes, mission… (S) Request of Confirmation through completion or elaboration
Tita : Mission imposible. (R)Repetition of the trigger
Dani i : Yes, you right. (F)
Tita : Do you like it?
Dani : Yes, I like it. It is very great movie and full action .
Tita : I have sob copy that movie
Dani : Could I copy to my computer? (T)
Tita : I am Sorry? (S) Request of clarification
Dani : Could I copy that movie? (R) Repetition of the trigger
Tita : of course, just come to my house and bring your flashdish. (F)
Dani i : Ok.. Thanks Tita
Tita : Yeah, Do you want other movie from tomcruise? (T)
Dani : other movie? (S) Request for Confirmation through Repetition
Tita : Yes, Do you want it? (R) Confirmation of Signal
Dani : Yeah, Of course. (F)
Tita : I have Harold and kumar, do you want it? (T)
Dani : harorl what? (S) Request for clarification
Tita : and kumar. (R) Repetition of the trigger
Dani : and kumar? (S) Request of confirmation through repetition
Tita : Yes, It’s one of his movie (R) Suppliance of information related to the topic.
Dani : Is it a great movie? (F)
Tita : Absolutely, I recommend you to watch it. You will like it.
Dani : Ok, I’ll watch it in my bording house. I’ll copy it latter
Tita : ok..
Dani : Thanks tita
IV. DISCUSSION and ANALYSIS
4.1 The First Conversation
We can analyze in this conversation there are eight sequences of negotiation of meaning. Those eight sequences have:
- 8 triggers
- 15 signals.
- 11 responds, and
- 8 follow up.
The length of speaking time is about 4 minutes and there are about 623 words. From this the mid length of utterance is about 7 words per second.
Here are the analyses of sequences
a. The first sequence:
Tuti : Hmm Do you have favorite thing in your house? (Trigger)
Tita : Hmm… yes. I have….. It’s my glass. It’s glass with bear picture.
(Signal, Comprehension Check)
Tuti : You are have like a child, you know? (Respond)
Tita. : Yes. (Follow Up)
b. The second sequence
Tuti : You know, I don’t have any favorite thing in my house. (Trigger)
Tita. : Why? (Signal)
Tuti : because, I don’t like anything in my house.
(Respond, Self Expression)
Tita. : You don’t like anything? (Signal, Confirmation Check)
Tuti : Yes. (Follow Up)
c. The third sequence
Tita. : are you sure? (Trigger)
Tuti : no no no, I like my motorcycle actually. (Signal, Clarification Request)
Tita. : Ooh… Why? (Respond)
Tuti : It always accompanies me wherever I want to go, such as my
school, and my campus now.
Tita. : When you bought it? (Signal, Confirmation Check)
Tuti : when I in senior high school, thirt grade actually. (Respond, Self Repetition)
Tita. : Oh, it is so long. (Follow Up)
d. The fourth sequence
Tuti : You know why I bought motorcycle? (Trigger)
Tita. : No. (Signal)
Tuti : It is because my house is too far to my school. So I usually go to my school use…(Respond)
Tita. : Angkot? (Signal, Confirmation Check)
Tuti : Me myself (Respond)
Tita. : By angkot? (Signal, Confirmation Check)
Tuti : No, not by angkot (Respond)
Tita. : By your foot? (Signal, Clarification Request)
Tuti : By my foot but I think it was so tired at that time to walk.
(Respond)
Tita. : Alone? (Signal, Confirmation Check)
Tuti : Alone with my foot. (Follow Up)
e. The fifth sequence
Tuti : And find angkot here, I found so many pickpockets there.
(Trigger)
Tita. : Yes, I know. (Signal)
Tuti : So, that is why I asked my father to buy….(Respond)
Tita. : Motorcycle. (Follow Up)
f. The sixth sequence
Tita. : So, what is the brand of your motorcycle, Honda or yamaha? (Trigger)
Tuti : As you see here, it mio, yamaha.(Signal, Comprehension Check)
Tita. : yamaha? (Respond, self repetition)
Tuti : Yes, I like Yamaha better than honda.(Respond, Self Expression)
Tita. : Oh why. (Follow Up)
g. The seventh sequence
Tuti : Because Yamaha is more fast than Honda. You know I have 2 time breake this motorcycle. (Trigger)
Tita. : You haven’t broken this motorcycle? (Signal, Confirmation)
Tuti : Yes, fell with this motorcycle, I haven’t.
(Respond, self expression)
Tita. : Woow, how it’s happened?.(Follow Up)
h. The eighth sequence
Tita. : You know, how was about my feeling at that time? (Trigger)
Tuti : Oh, you feel shock?
(Signal, Comprehension Check)
Tita. : Yes. (Respond)
Tuti : How could you fell from your motorcycle? How was the way?
By jumping? (Signal, Clarification Request)
Tita. : No, It was when I learnt how to ride it, I forgot where the….
What is “rem” in English? (Respond)
Tuti : Rem? Choke. (Signal, Comprehension Check)
Tita. : Yes, I forgot where the choke is. (Respond)
Tuti : So you choose the break? (Signal, Confirmation Check)
Tita. : Yes,
Tuti : The gas?
Tita. : Yes, the gases
Tuti : Ok Tita. I think I should go home. So, I’ll see you next week.
Bye. (Follow Up)
4.2 The Second Conversation
This conversation contains of five sequences of negotiation of meaning. Those seven sequences have:
- 5 triggers
- 6 signals.
- 6 responds, and
- 5 follow up.
The length of speaking time is about 3 minutes and there are about 553 words. From this the mid length of utterance is about 6 words per second.
Here are the analyses of the sequences:
a. The first sequence:
Dani : I want to write an invitation letter. (Trigger)
Fery : write what? (S) Request for Clarification
Dani : invitation letter. (R)Repetition of the trigger
Fery : obligation letter? (S) Request for Clarification
Dani : No, invitation letter. It’s letter for invite someone. (R) Suppliance of information relevant to the topic.
Fery : Oh, I see. (Follow up)
b. The second sequence:
Fery : Sure, just take it in the table. (Trigger)
Dani : table? (S) Request for Confirmation through repetition
Fery : Yes (R) Confirmation of Signal
Dani : Which table? (Follow up)
c. The third sequence:
Fery : the brown one near the television. (Trigger)
Dani : the table which is brown? (S) Request for Confirmation through modification
Fery : Yes (R) Confirmation of Signal
Dani : Ok, I’ll take it.(Follow up)
d. The fourth sequence
Dani : Fer, Can I borrow a pan, please? (Trigger)
Fery : a what? pan? (S) Request for Clarification
Dani : mmmm…. (R) Indication of difficulty or inability to response
Dani: pardon? (S) Request for Clarification
Fery : Pen, for writing.. (R) Suppliance of information relevant to the topic.
Dani : Yes.. yes.. (Follow up)
e. The fifth sequence
Fery : The second drawer. (Trigger)
Dani : Second drawer? (S)Request of confirmation through repetition
Fery : Yes (R) Confirmation of Signal
Fery : Can you find it? (Follow up)
4.3 The Third Conversation
This conversation contains of six sequences of negotiation of meaning. Those seven sequences have:
- 6 triggers
- 7 signals.
- 8 responds, and
- 6 follow up.
The length of speaking time is about 3.5 minutes and there are about 584 words. From this the mid length of utterance is about 6 words per second
Here are the analyses of sequences
a. The first sequence:
Dani : Hey Tita, I saw your facebook a fiew moment. (Trigger)
Tita : Yes? (Signal)
Dani : And I saw your wallpaper. It looks like your boy friend.
(Respond)
Tita : Yes, of course yes. (S) Clarification Request
Dani : Hey, you changed your boyfriend again. (R)
Tita : Yes, this is my new boyfriend. (F)
b. The second sequence:
Tita : By the way, do you know Tom cruise? (T)
Dani : Tom what? (S) Request of clarification
Tita : Tom Cruise (R) Repetition of trigger
Dani : Oh, the most handsome man in the world, right? (F)
4.3 The Third Conversation
Tita : Have you ever seen his movie? (T)
Dani : Yes, mission… (S) Request of Confirmation through completion or elaboration
Tita : Mission imposible. (R)Repetition of the trigger
Dani : Yes, you right. (F)
d. The fourth sequence
Dani : Could I copy to my computer? (T)
Tita : I am Sorry? (S) Request of clarification
Dani : Could I copy that movie? (R) Repetition of the trigger
Tita : of course, just come to my house and bring your flashdish. (F)
e. The fifth sequence
Tita : Yeah, Do you want other movie from tomcruise? (T)
Dani : other movie? (S) Request for Confirmation through Repetition
Tita : Yes, Do you want it? (R) Confirmation of Signal
Dani : Yeah, Of course. (F)
f. The sixth sequence
Tita : I have Harold and kumar, do you want it? (T)
Dani : harorl what? (S) Request for clarification
Tita : and kumar. (R) Repetition of the trigger
Dani : and kumar? (S) Request of confirmation through repetition
Tita : Yes, It’s one of his movie (R) Suppliance of information related to the topic.
Dani : Is it a great movie? (F)
V. CONCLUSION
From the analysis, we can conclude that in negotiation of meaning there are four interrelated moves which occur in the conversations, there are trigger, signal, response, and follow up. Trigger occurs when speaker say something but the hearer doesn’t understand clearly what the speaker says. Then, the hearer will show signal in order to clarify the word that hearer doesn’t understand. After that, the speaker will response that signal and finally the follow up will occur.
Besides that, we also can conclude that in each conversation, numbers of response and signal are greater than trigger and follow up.
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar