egra betaria 0713042005

NEGATATION
(PAPER OF SLA)


By:
EGRA BETARIA
0713042005


















Art language Education Department
English Education Study Program
Teacher Training and Education
Faculty University of Lampung
2011





CONTENTS



Page
I. INTRODUCTION 1

II. DISCUSSION 2
A. Theories 2
1. Negotiation of Meaning 2
2. Second Language Interaction 3
3. Information Gap 4
B. Task/Worksheet 4
C. Transcriptions 6
1. Transcription of Upper Level Conversation 5
2. Transcription of Lower Level Conversation 12
3. Transcription of Lower Level Conversation 21
D. Analysis of the Conversation in transcriptions 28
1. Analysis of Upper Level Conversation 29
2. Analysis of Lower Level Conversation 33
3. Analysis of intermediate conversation………………………….. 40

III. CONCLUSION 31

REFERENCES
























INTRODUCTION




Second language is the language that is learned after mother tongue or native language. Second language acquisition occurs when learners use that language in real communication. Interaction plays an important role in the success or failure of second language acquisition. Pica, kanagy, and Falodun (1993) claimed that “language is best learned and taught through interaction” (p.10). Long (1996) confirmed that interactional modification leads to second language development and more active involvement in negotiated interaction leads to greater development.

Second language acquisition can be acquired by understanding messages from that language. That process is called comprehensible input. Krashen believed that learner’s current knowledge functions as the basis for the next development of the learner’s knowledge. Comprehensible input is necessary for acquisition, but it is not the only one aspect which influences the acquisition of the second langauge. Learners need to interact with the other to acquire that language. Modification to the interactional structure of conversation in the process of negotiating solutions to communication problems helps make input comprehensible to learners (Long, 1985). Pica and Gass believed that learning is made possible through the modification of interaction or negotiation of meaning.




DISCUSSION




A. Theories
There are some theories related to negotiation of meaning in L2 interaction. They are:
1. Negotiation of meaning
Negotiation of meaning is a process that speakers go through to reach a clear understanding of each other. Such as asking for clarification, rephrasing, and confirming what you think you have understood are all strategies for the negotiation of meaning (wikipedia). Or in other words, negotiation of meaning can be defined as a series of exchanges conducted by adressors and adressees to help themselves understand and be understood by their interlocotors. For example, during the communicative exchanges in which adressees had difficulty understanding and adressors sensed this difficulty, adressors could restructure the conversation in order to make their input comprehensible to adressees and thus allow the conversation to continue. In this restructuring, adressors could, for example, pause and question adressees as to whether they understood, or sensing confusion on the adressees’ parts, adressors could simply repeat themselves verbatim or in paraphrase. These same restructuring techniques could be used following utterances of the adressees. Such modifications would give the interlocutors more opportunities to negotiate for message meaninga and would allow adressees more time to process message content and thus sort out the confusions it triggered. Adressees could restructure the conversation through requests to adressors for clarification or through utterances seeking to confirm whether what they heard was actually what had been said. Pica et al (1989) suggested taht negotiations of meaning basically consist of four interrelated moves. The moves are trigger, signal, response, and follow-up moves. There are some roles of negotiation of meaning in second language acquisition. Firstly, through negotiation of meaning (particularly in interactions involving native speaker) nonnative speakers obtain comprehensible input necessary for second language acquisition much more frequently than in interactions without negotiation of meaning. Secondly, negotiation of meaning provides opportunities for nonnative speakers to produce comprehensible output necessary for second language acquisition much more frequently than in interactions without negotiation of meaning. Another important role of negotiation of meaning which may not have a direct impact on second language acquisition but is also an important element for second language learning through communication is that negotiation of meaning can function as an indication of pursuit of communication.


2. Second Language Interaction
Second language is the language that is learned after mother tongue or native language. Second language acquisition is the process by which people learn a second language in addition to their native language (Jimmy wales, Wikipedia). Second language acquisition occurs especially when learners are engaged in the use of the language for communication. Long (1996) confirmed that interactional modification leads to second language development and more active involvement in negotiated interaction leads to greater development. By this point, we can see that second language acquisition is strongly facilitated by the use of the target language in interaction.

3. Information Gap
In analyzing negotiation of meaning in L2 interaction, we need a technique that will be used as a task/worksheet in the conversation. In this case, the writer uses Information gap. An information gap activity is an activity where learners are missing the information they need to complete a task and need to talk to each other to find it. In the classroom situation, information gap activities are useful for various reasons. They provide an opportunity for extended speaking practice, they represent real communication, motivation can be high, and they require sub-skills such as clarifying meaning and re-phrasing (Wikipedia). For example, the students are divided into pairs. In pair, each participant will be given tabel. The table is not complete. Each one has different blank information. It requires each participant to exchange information to complete the blank information in the table. This example can be used in analyzing negotiation of meaning in L2 interaction.








B. Task/worksheet
The type of task that is used to analyze negotiation of meaning in L2 interaction i the same for all level (upper, lower & intermediate level).

 Task for the first participant:
No Book Title Category Writer Publisher Pages Price
1 Cashflow Quadrant Robert Kiyosaki 330
2 Children Elex Media Komputindo Rp.10.000
3 Life Management Training Seno hadi sumitro 224
4 Infornmation & Technology Maxikom Rp.35.000
5 Event Organizing Pradipta Nugrahanto 120


 Task for the second participant:
No Book Title Category Writer Publisher Pages Price
1 Financial Gramedia Pustaka Utama Rp.57.500
2 Play and Learn Penny Warner 164
3 Motivation Media Pressindo Rp.45.000
4 AutoCad 2008 Handi Chandra 191
5 Business Yrama Widya Rp.10.000







 Task for the first participant:

No Name Lives in Occupation Free time activity Hobby
1 Robert Computer Program Hang out with friends
2 California Bicycling
3 Yhosiko Secretary Traveling with family
4 Melbourne Weigh training
5 Chaty Doctor Watch Videos


 Task for the second participant:
No Name Lives In Occupation Free time activity Hobby
1 Mexico Soccer
2 Dwiki Cashier Go to beach
3 Japan Racquetball
4 Sabine Lawyer Shopping
5 Australia Aerobics












C. Transcriptions
1. Transcription of Upper Level conversation
The two participants of the upper level is university students of Lampung University.
 First participant is Santi
 Second participant is Rani

The conversation as follow:

Santi: Hi, Rani...
Rani: Hi, Santi...
Santi: I have a worksheet here.
Rani: Ya, I have a worksheet too
Santi: But, this worksheet is not complete. There are a....some blanks here. How about you?
Rani: Ya, my worksheet is still incomplete too. And i think that i need your information to complete my worksheet.
Santi: Ok, a... this worksheet tells us about the book
Rani: Ya...
Santi: a....there are five books here.
Rani: He’em....
Santi: Ok, the first book, the title is “Cashflow Quadrant”. (Trigger)
Rani: Sorry? (Signal, Request for clarification)
Santi: Cash...flow....Quadrant... (Response, repetition of trigger)
Rani: Cashflow Quadrant (Reaction)
Santi: Ok, that’s right. A....the writer of this book is Robert Kiyosaki.
Rani: Robert Kiyosaki.
Santi: Ok, how about the category and the publisher? because there is no category and publisher here.
Rani: Ok..
Santi: Can you tell me?
Rani: a ....the category of the first book is financial and then the publisher is Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Mmmm, and i will let you know about the price.
Santi: Ok.
Rani: The price of the, the price of this book is fifty seven thousand and five hundred rupiahs.
Santi: Ok.
Rani: And then, can you tell me about the pages?
Santi: a.....the pages of this book is three hundred and thirty
Rani: three hundred and thirty?
Santi: Ya.
Rani: Ok. And then i will continue to the second book, the title of the second book is “Play and Learn”. Can you tell me about the category?
Santi: The category of this book is children. A....How about the writer?
Rani: Ok, the writer is Penny Warner and can you tell me about the publisher?
Santi: Ya, the publisher of this book is Elex Media Komputindo. And...
Rani: Elex Media Komputindo.
Santi: Ya, and it is important a...for you to know that the price of this book is very very cheap. It’s just a....ten thousand rupiahs. (Trigger)
Rani: Sorry, how much? (Signal, request for clarification)
Santi: Ta...ten thousand rupiahs. (Response, repetition of trigger)
Rani: Ok. And then... (Reaction, comprehension signal)
Santi: How about pages?
Rani: Ya, the total of the pages is only...one hundred and.... sixty four pages. And...can you tell me about the third..., sorry the.... third title book?
Santi: Ok, the third book is “Life Management Training” a....the writer...
(Trigger)
Rani: Sorry? (Signal, request for clarification)
Santi: Life...Management....Training. (Response, repetition of trigger)
Rani: Ok, and then? (Reaction, comprehension signal)
Santi: The writer is Seno Hadi Sumitro. (Trigger)
Rani: Sorry, who is the writer? (Signal, request for clarification)
Santi: Seno....Hadi....Sumitro. (Response, repetition of trigger)
Rani: Seno Hadi Sumitro. Ok. (Reaction)
Santi: How about the category and the publisher of this book?
Rani: Ok, the category of a...this book is motivation and then the publisher is Media Pressindo. And...
Santi: Ok.
Rani: And...can you tell me about a...the total of the pages?
Santi: The total of the pages here is a two hundred and twenty four pages.
Rani: Ok. And..
Santi: E...how about the price of this book? Do you know?
Rani: Ya, I know. The price of this book is only forty five thousand rupiahs. And then..
Santi: Ya.
Rani: And then, e...can you tell me about the the next, the title of the book?
(Trigger)
Santi: Ok. A...the next book is...e...sorry e...e... do you mean forth book? There is no, there is no title here. (Signal, request for clarification)
Rani: Ya, sorry.
Santi: Ok.
Rani: I mean that the category of the the forth book.
(Response, repetition of modification trigger)
Santi: Ya. (Reaction)
Rani: Because a...the title of the forth book is “AutoCad 2008” (Trigger)
Santi: Sorry? Auto? (Signal, request for confirmation)
Rani: Auto....Cad.
Santi: Can you...spell it? (Response, Indication of difficulty)
Rani: Ok. A...U...T...O...C...A...D...AutoCad. (Response, repetition of the modification trigger)
Santi: Autocad. (Reaction)
Rani: Ya. And then can you tell me about the category?
Santi: Ok. The category of this book is a...information and ...technology. I think you have known about the.. IT.
Rani: Ya, IT i know.
Santi: Ok. E..the publisher of this book is Maxikom.
Rani: Maxikom
Santi: Maxikom
Rani: And i will tell you about the writer.
Santi: Ya.

Rani: The writer is Handi Chandra and the number of the pages is a...one hundred and...ninety one.
Santi: Ok a...
Rani: Can you tell me about the price of this book?
Santi: Ok. A...the price of this book is a...thirty five thousand rupiahs.
Rani: Thirty five thousand rupiahs.
Santi: Ok.
Rani: Ok.
Santi:E’em..
Rani: Can you tell me about the last...book? i mean that the title of the last book.
Santi: a...the title of the last book is “Event Organizing”
Rani: Event Organizing
Santi: And the writer is Pradipta Nugrahanto. (Trigger)
Rani: Pardon me? (Signal, request for clarification)
Santi: Pradipta....Nugra...hanto. (Response, repetition of trigger)
Rani: Ok. eMmm, can you tell me about the category, e..sorry, i mean that a...can you tell me about the number of the pages?
(Reaction, comprehension signal)
Santi: The number of the pages is one hundred and twenty.
Rani: One hundred and twenty.
Santi: Ok. How about the...category and then the publisher of this book?
Rani: Ok. The category of a...the last book is business and then the publisher is Yrama Widya. Mmm... (Trigger)

Santi: sorry, sorry, sorry...what is the publisher?
(Signal, request for confirmation)
Rani: The publisher is Yra...Yrama...Widya.
(Response, repetition of trigger)
Santi: Irama? (Response, Indication of difficulty)
Rani: Yrama. (Response, repetition of the modification trigger)
Santi: Yrama? (Response, self modification trigger)
Rani: Ya ya, ok ok.
Santi: Ok.Yrama. and then how about the...price of this book?
(Reaction, comprehension signal)
Rani: Ya, the price of this book, i think taht it is so cheap. (Trigger)
Santi: So cheap? (Signal, request for confirmation)
Rani: Because this is only a..ten thousand rupiahs.
(Response, self modification trigger)
Santi: Wow! (Reaction)
Rani: Is it cheap?
Santi: Ok.
Rani: What do you think?
Santi: Yes, i think it is it is very very cheap a...
Rani: Ok.
Santi: I think it is fair because a...the pages of this book is only one hundred and twenty pages.

Rani: Ok. Thank you. A...and now a...my worksheet is complete. Thank you for your information.
Santi: Ok. You are welcome.

















2. Transcription of Lower Level conversation
The two participants of the lower level is Senior High School students in Bandar Lampung.
 First participant is Joni
 Second participant is Helen

The conversation as follow:

Joni: Hallo Helen...
Helen: Hi, Jon...
Joni: How are you?
Helen: I’m fine. And you?
Joni: I’m fine too, thank you. Helen, I have a worksheet.
Helen: Ok.
Joni: And my worksheet is about the books. But, my worksheet is not complete. How about you?
Helen: I also have a worksheet. My worksheet also about the book. But, my worksheet also not complete. What is the title of the first book?
Joni: The title of the first book is “Cashflow Quadrant” (Trigger)
Helen: Sorry? (Signal, Request for clarification)
Joni: Cash...flow....quadrant... (Response, repetition of trigger)
Helen: (pause) Cash....flow...Quadrant...? (Reaction)
Joni: Ya, good.
Helen: Ok. What is the writer of the first book?
Joni: The writer of this book is Robert Kiyosaki. (Trigger)
Helen: Sorry? (Signal, Request for clarification)
Joni: Robert....Kiyo...Saki.... (Response, repetition of trigger)
Helen: Oo....I see, I see, I see... (Reaction)
Joni: Ok, helen...
Helen: Ok...ya...
Joni: Do you know what is the publisher a....am...a....what is the category of the book?
Helen: The category of... the first book is...financial and the...publisher of the first book is Gramedia Pustaka Utama. But, I don’t know how much is the book pages?
Joni: The pages of this book is three hundred...thirty. (Trigger)
Helen: Sorry? (Signal, Request for clarification)
Joni: Three hundred....thirty.... (Response, repetition of trigger)
Helen: O...ya. (Reaction)
Joni: How much the price of the book?
Helen: The price of the book is a...fifty...seven...thousand...a....five hundred rupiahs. (Trigger)
Joni: Sorry Sorry, I can’t hear...it. (Signal, Request for clarification)
Helen: The price of the book is fifty..seven thousand... five hundred...rupiahs.
(Response, repetition of trigger)
Joni: Ok ok ok. Do you know, what is the title of the...second book?
(Reaction, comprehension signal)
Helen: The title of the second book is “Play and Learn” and the writer is the second book is Penny Warner. (Trigger)
Joni: What? Do you spell it? Worner? (Signal, Request for confirmation)
Helen: Ya, W....A....R...N....E....R
(Response, repetition of the modification trigger)
Joni: Oh yes. Warner. (Reaction)
Helen: Ya, Warner.
Joni: Good. Do you know...what is the category of...ap...do you know what is the writer of this book? (Trigger)
Helen: ..........Penny Warner!
Joni: Oh sorry sorry, i forget...hee....
Helen: Ya, never mine.
Joni: I mean how much is the book pages?
(Signal, repetition of modification trigger)
Helen: The pages of the book is...one hundred...and...sixty four. Mmmm, but i don’t know what is the...category of...the second book?
(Reaction, comprehension signal)
Joni: The category of the es book is...children. And the price of this book is... ten...thousand...rupiahs. (Trigger)
Helen: What? Sorry? (Signal, Request for clarification)
Joni: Ten...Thousand...Rupiah... (Response, repetition of trigger)

Helen: Ohh...it’s cheap. It’s too cheap. (Reaction)
Joni: Up to you...
Helen: But...I...I don’t know what....is the publisher...of the...second book?
Joni: Oh, ya. The publisher of the...second book is...Elex Media Komputindo.
Helen: Oh ya, ya ya ya ya. What is the...title of the third book?
Joni: The title of...this book is...”Life...Management Training”. And the writer...of this book is Seno Hadi sumitro...what is the category of this book?
Helen: The category of the...third book is...motivation. and the publisher of this book is...Media Pressindo. But i don’t know how much is the book pages?
Joni: The pages of this book is...two hundred...twenty four. But... i can’t...i can’t hear what the publisher...this book?
Helen: The publisher is the...book...the publisher of the book is...Media Pressindo.
Joni: Media Pressindo...
Helen: Ya, Media Pressindo. Good.
Joni: How much the price of the book?
Helen: The price of this book is...Fourty five thousand rupiahs.
Joni: Oh, ok. Do you know what is the title of the forth...book?
Helen: Ow, the title of the forth book is...Autocad.......twenty...eight. Sorry, sorry sorry sorry. Two thousand and eight. (Trigger)
Joni: Two thousand and eight. Eutec....Autocad two thousand and eight?
(Signal, Request for confirmation)
Helen: Ya, ya ya Autucad two thousand and eight.
(Response, repetition of trigger)
Joni: Who is the writer? (Reaction, continuation move)
Helen: The writer is...the writer of the book is...Hendi chandra. And the pag...es of the book is one hundred and ninety one...............but i don’t know what is the category of...this book?
Joni: The category of this book is...about...information and...technology.
Helen: Oo....
Joni: And the price of this book is...thirty five thousand rupiah. (Trigger)
Helen: Sorry? (Signal, Request for clarification)
Joni: Thirty...five...thousand...rupiah... (Response, repetition of trigger)
Helen: Thirty five thousand rupiahs?
Joni: Rupiah. You know rupiah. (Reaction)
Helen: Ya, ya ya.
Joni: Ok. Ant the...fifth...title of this book is “Even Organizing” and the writer is...
(Trigger)
Helen: Sorry? (Signal, Request for clarification)
Joni: Even Organizing. Are you can hear me?
(Response, repetition of trigger)
Helen: Do you mean even? (Response, Indicating difficulty)
Joni: Yes, even organizing.
Helen: Event or even?
Joni: Event organizing.........I mean. (Response, repetition of modification trigger)
Helen: Oh ya, ya ya. Do you know...what the writer of this book?
(Reaction, comprehension signal)
Joni: Y...yah..the writer of this book is Pradipta Nugrahanto. (Trigger)
Helen: Sorry? (Signal, Request for clarification)
Joni: Pradipta....Nugra...Hanto... (Response, repetition of trigger)
Helen: Ohh, I see, I see, I see. (Reaction)
Joni: What is the category of this book?
Helen: The category of this book is business. And the...publisher of this book...
(Trigger)
Joni: What? Basiness or business? (Signal, Request for confirmationion)
Helen: Ohh, ya ya. I mean business. (Response, repetition of trigger)
Joni: Ok ok ok. I know I know. (Reaction)
Helen: And the publisher of...this book is iram...Yrama Widya. (Trigger)
Joni: What? (Signal, Request for clarification)
Helen: Yrama Widya. (Response, repetition of trigger)
Joni: Ya ya, Yrama Widya. But...i don’t know, how much is the book pages?
(Reaction, comprehension signal)
Joni: The pages of this book is one hundred...twenty. how much the price of the book?
Helen: The price of...this book is...ten...thousand rupiahs.
Joni: Too cheap. I can buy it you know.
Helen: Ya, i know about it. You...you c...
Joni: I’m rich boy you know.
Helen: Ya, ya ya ya ya...
Joni: Ok Helen. Now, my worksheet is complete. Thank you for your information.
Helen: You’re welcome. My worksheet is complete too. Nice to meet you.
Joni: Ok. Bye...




C. Transcriptions
1. Transcription of Intermediate Level conversation
The two participants of the upper level is university students of Lampung University.
 First participant is Carles
 Second participant is Ari

The conversation as follow:

Carles: Hi, Charles...
Ari :, Hai Ari...
Carles: I have a worksheet here.
Ari: Ya, I have a worksheet too
Carles: But, this worksheet is not complete. There are a....some blanks here. How about you?
Ari: Ya, my worksheet is still incomplete too. And i think that i need your information to complete my worksheet.
Carles: Ok, a... this worksheet tells us about the personal info
Ari : Ya...
Carles : a....there are five personal here.
ari: He’em....
Carles : Ok, the first personal, name is “Robert”. (Trigger)
Ari: Sorry? (Signal, Request for clarification)
Carles: Ro....bert.. (Response, repetition of trigger)
Ari : Robert (Reaction)
Carles: Ok, that’s right. A....the occupation of this personal is Computer program.
Ari: Computer program.
Carles: Ok, how about the Lives and Hobby? because there is no lives and hobby here.
Ari: Ok..
Carles: Can you tell me?
Ari: a .... lives of the first personal in Mexico and then hobby is hang out with friends Mmmm, and i will let you know about free time activity.
Carles: Ok.
Ari: Free time activity of this personal is soccer.
Carles:zzzz
Ari: Ok. And then i will continue to the second personal, the name of the second personal is “Dwiki”. Can you tell me about the lives?
Carles: The lives of this personal is California. A....How about the occupation?
Ari: Ok, the occupation is Cashier.
Carles: The hobby of this personal is go to the beach. I think very interesting for me
Ari: Sorry, what you think? (Signal, request for clarification)
Carles: very interesting.. (Response, repetition of trigger)
Ari: Ok. And then... (Reaction, comprehension signal)
Carles: How free time activity?
Ari: Ya, free time of the personal is bicycling. And...can you tell me about the third..., sorry the.... third personal?
Carles: Ok, the third personal is “Yhosiko” a....Name...
(Trigger)
Ari: Sorry? (Signal, request for clarification)
Carles: Yhosiko. (Response, repetition of trigger)
Ari: Ok, and then? (Reaction, comprehension signal)
Carles: The occupation is Secretary. (Trigger)
Ari: Sorry, who is the occupation? (Signal, request for clarification)
Carles: Secretary. (Response, repetition of trigger)
Ari: Secretary. Ok. (Reaction)
Carles: How about the lives and the hobby of this personal?
Ari: Ok, the lives of a...this personal in Japan and then the hobby is travel with family And...
Carles: Ok.
Carles: E...how about the free time activity of this personal? Do you know?
Ari: Ya, I know. The free time of this personal is Racquetball. And then..
Carles: Ya.
Ari: And then, e...can you tell me about the next, name of the personal? (Trigger)
Carles: Ok. A...the next personal is...e...sorry e...e... do you mean forth personal? There is no, there is no name here. (Signal, request for clarification)
Ari: Ya, sorry.
Carles: Ok.
Ari: I mean that the lives of the forth personal.
(Response, repetition of modification trigger)
Carles: Ya. (Reaction)
Ari: Because a...name of the forth personal is “Sabine” (Trigger)
Carles: Sorry? sabine? (Signal, request for confirmation)
Ari: Sa…..bine?
Carles: Can you...spell it? (Response, Indication of difficulty)
Ari: Ok. S...A...B...I...N...E...SABINE. (Response, repetition of the modification trigger)
Carles: Sabine . (Reaction)
Ari: Ya. And then can you tell me about the lives?
Carles: Ok. The Lives of this personal in Melbourne and .... I think you have known about the.. .Melbourne.
Ari: Ya, Melbourne i know.
Carles: Ok. E..the occupation of this personal is Lawyer.
Ari: Lawyer?
Carles: Lawyer
Ari: And i will tell you about the hobby.
Carles: Ya.
Ari: Hobby is shopping.
Carles: Ok a...
Ari: Can you tell me about the free time activity of this personal?
Carles: Ok. A...free time of this personal is a....Weigh training
Ari: . Weigh training
Carles: Ok.
Ari: Ok.
Carles :E’em..
Ari: Can you tell me about the last...personal? i mean that name of the last personal.
Carles: a...name of the last personal is “Chaty”
Carles: And the occupation is Doctor. (Trigger)
Ari: Pardon me? (Signal, request for clarification)
Carles: Doctor. (Response, repetition of trigger)
Ari: Ok. eMmm, can you tell me about the Lives, e..sorry, i mean that a...can you tell me about the hobby? (Reaction, comprehension signal)
Carles: Hobby of the personal.
Ari: Watch Videos .
Carles: Ok. How about the...lives of this personal?
Ari: Ok. The lives of a...the last personal in Australia. Mmm. (Trigger)
Carles: sorry, sorry, sorry...what is the free time activity
(Signal, request for confirmation)
Ari: The free time activity is Aerobic. (Response, repetition of trigger)
Carles: Rubic? (Response, Indication of difficulty)
Ari: Aerobics . (Response, repetition of the modification trigger)
Carles: Aerobics ? (Response, self modification trigger)
Ari: Ya ya, ok ok.
Carles: Ok.Aerobics (Reaction, comprehension signal)
Ari: Ya, the hobby of this personal, i think that it is so Interest. (Trigger)
Carles: So Interest ? (Signal, request for confirmation)
Ari: Because this is good for our healthy (Response, self modification trigger)
Carles: Wow! (Reaction)
Ari: Is it interest?
Carles: Ok.
Ari: What do you think?
Carles: Yes, i think it is it is very very good a...
Ari: Ok.
Carles: I think it is good because a...the hobby of this personal is good for our healthy.

Ari: Ok. Thank you. A...and now a...my worksheet is complete. Thank you for your information.
Carles: Ok. You are welcome.











D. Analysis of the conversation in transcriptions
The aim of this analysis is to find out the negotiation of meaning of upper level conversation. In this case, the writer uses information gap task. The aspects of negotiation of meaning that will be focused on are:
1. Trigger
Trigger is the term of utterance followed by participant signal of total/partial lack of understanding.

2. Signal
Signal is the term of request confirmation or clarification to other participant about unclear information or something that difficult to be understood.

3. Response
This term can include switch to a new topic, suppliance of information relevant to the topic but not directly responsive to signal, repetition of trigger, self modification of trigger, confirmation or acknowledgement of signal and indication of difficulty or inability to respond.

4. Follow-up moves (reaction)
This term can include comprehension signal and continuation move.

1. Analysis of Upper Level Conversation
There are nine negotiations of meaning that appeared in the upper level conversation.
Example 1:
 Trigger
Santi: Ok, the first book, the title is “Cash flow Quadrant”.
 Signal
Rani: Sorry? (Request for clarification)
 Response
Santi: Cash...flow....Quadrant... (repetition of trigger)
 Reaction
Rani: Cashflow Quadrant

Example 2:
 Trigger
Santi: Ya, and it is important a...for you to know that the price of this book is very very cheap. It’s just a....ten thousand rupiahs.
 Signal
Rani: Sorry, how much? (Request for clarification)
 Response
Santi: Ta...ten thousand rupiahs. (Repetition of trigger)
 Reaction
Rani: Ok. And then... (Comprehension signal)

Example 3:
 Trigger
Santi: Ok, the third book is “Life Management Training” a....the writer...
 Signal
Rani: Sorry? (Request for clarification)
 Response
Santi: Life...Management....Training. (Repetition of trigger)
 Reaction
Rani: Ok, and then? (Comprehension signal)

Example 4:
 Trigger
Santi: The writer is Seno Hadi Sumitro.
 Signal
Rani: Sorry, who is the writer? (Request for clarification)
 Response
Santi: Seno....Hadi....Sumitro. (Repetition of trigger)
 Reaction
Rani: Seno Hadi Sumitro. Ok.

Example 5:
 Trigger
Rani: And then, e...can you tell me about the the next, the title of the book?
 Signal
Santi: Ok. A...the next book is...e...sorry e...e... do you mean forth book? There is no, there is no title here. (Request for clarification)
 Response
Rani: Ya, sorry.
Santi: Ok.
Rani: I mean that the category of the the forth book.
(Repetition of modification trigger)
 Reaction
Santi: Ya.

Example 6:
 Trigger
Rani: Because a...the title of the forth book is “AutoCad 2008”
 Signal
Santi: Sorry? Auto? (Request for confirmation)
 Response
Rani: Auto....Cad.
Santi: Can you...spell it? (Indication of difficulty)
Rani: Ok. A...U...T...O...C...A...D...AutoCad.
(Repetition of the modification trigger)
 Reaction
Santi: Autocad.

Example 7:
 Trigger
Santi: And the writer is Pradipta Nugrahanto.
 Signal
Rani: Pardon me? (Request for clarification)
 Response
Santi: Pradipta....Nugra...hanto. (Repetition of trigger)
 Reaction
Rani: Ok. eMmm, can you tell me about the category, e..sorry, i mean that a...can you tell me about the number of the pages?
(Comprehension signal)

Example 8:
 Trigger
Rani: Ok. The category of a...the last book is business and then the publisher is Yrama Widya. Mmm...
 Signal
Santi: sorry, sorry, sorry...what is the publisher?
(Requestfor confirmation)
 Response
Rani: The publisher is Yra...Yrama...Widya. (Repetition of trigger)
 Reaction
Santi: Irama? (Indication of difficulty)
Rani: Yrama. (Repetition of the modification trigger)
Santi: Yrama? (Self modification trigger)
Rani: Ya ya, ok ok.

 Reaction
Santi: Ok.Yrama. and then how about the...price of this book?
(Comprehension signal)

Example 9:
 Trigger
Rani: Ya, the price of this book, i think taht it is so cheap.
 Signal
Santi: So cheap? (Request for confirmation)
 Response
Rani: Because this is only a..ten thousand rupiahs.
(Self modification trigger)
 Reaction
Santi: Wow!

2. Analysis of Lower Level Conversation
There are thirteen negotiations of meaning that appeared in the lower level conversation.
Example 1:
 Trigger
Joni: The title of the first book is “Cashflow Quadrant”
 Signal
Helen: Sorry? (Request for clarification)

 Response
Joni: Cash...flow....quadrant... (Repetition of trigger)
 Reaction
Helen: (pause) Cash....flow...Quadrant...?

Example 2:
 Trigger
Joni: The writer of this book is Robert Kiyosaki.
 Signal
Helen: Sorry? (Request for clarification)
 Response
Joni: Robert....Kiyo...Saki.... (Repetition of trigger)
 Reaction
Helen: Oo....I see, I see, I see...

Example 3:
 Trigger
Joni: The pages of this book is three hundred...thirty.
 Signal
Helen: Sorry? (Request for clarification)
 Response
Joni: Three hundred....thirty.... (Repetition of trigger)
 Reaction
Helen: O...ya.
Example 4:
 Trigger
Helen: The price of the book is a...fifty...seven...thousand...a....five hundred rupiahs.
 Signal
Joni: Sorry Sorry, I can’t hear...it. (Request for clarification)
 Response
Helen: The price of the book is fifty..seven thousand... five hundred... rupiahs. (Repetition of trigger)
 Reaction
Joni: Ok ok ok. Do you know, what is the title of the...second book?
(Comprehension signal)

Example 5:
 Trigger
Helen: The title of the second book is “Play and Learn” and the writer is the second book is Penny Warner.
 Signal
Joni: What? Do you spell it? Worner? (Request for confirmation)
 Response
Helen: Ya, W....A....R...N....E....R
(Repetition of the modification trigger)
 Reaction
Joni: Oh yes. Warner.
Example 6:
 Trigger
Joni: Good. Do you know...what is the category of...ap...do you know what is the writer of this book?
 Signal
Helen: ..........Penny Warner!
Joni: Oh sorry sorry, i forget...hee....
Helen: Ya, never mine.
 Response
Joni: I mean how much is the book pages?
(Repetition of the modification trigger)
 Reaction
Helen: The pages of the book is...one hundred...and...sixty four. Mmmm, but i don’t know what is the...category of...the second book?
(Comprehension signal)

Example 7:
 Trigger
Joni: The category of the es book is...children. And the price of this book is... ten...thousand...rupiahs.
 Signal
Helen: What? Sorry? (Request for clarification)
 Response
Joni: Ten...Thousand...Rupiah... (Repetition of trigger)
 Reaction
Helen: Ohh...it’s cheap. It’s too cheap.

Example 8:
 Trigger
Helen: Ow, the title of the forth book is...Autocad.......twenty...eight. Sorry, sorry sorry sorry. Two thousand and eight.
 Signal
Joni: Two thousand and eight. Eutec....Autocad two thousand and eight?
(Request for confirmation)
 Response
Helen: Ya, ya ya Autucad two thousand and eight.
(Repetition ofrigger)
 Reaction
Joni: Who is the writer? (Continuation move)

Example 9:
 Trigger
Joni: And the price of this book is...thirty five thousand rupiah.
 Signal
Helen: Sorry? (Request for clarification)
 Response
Joni: Thirty...five...thousand...rupiah... (Repetition of trigger)
Helen: Thirty five thousand rupiahs?
 Reaction
Joni: Rupiah. You know rupiah.

Example 10:
 Trigger
Joni: Ok. Ant the...fifth...title of this book is “Even Organizing” and the writer is...
 Signal
Helen: Sorry? (Request for clarification)
 Response
Joni: Even Organizing. Are you can hear me? (Repetition of trigger)
Helen: Do you mean even? (Indicating difficulty)
Joni: Yes, even organizing.
Helen: Event or even?
Joni: Event organizing.........I mean.
(Response, repetition of modification trigger)
 Reaction
Helen: Oh ya, ya ya. Do you know...what the writer of this book?
(Comprehension signal)

Example 11:
 Trigger
Joni: Y...yah..the writer of this book is Pradipta Nugrahanto.

 Signal
Helen: Sorry? (Request for clarification)
 Response
Joni: Pradipta....Nugra...Hanto... (Repetition of trigger)
 Reaction
Helen: Ohh, I see, I see, I see.

Example 12:
 Trigger
Helen: The category of this book is basiness. And the...publisher of this book...
 Signal
Joni: What? Basiness or business? (Request for confirmationion)
 Response
Helen: Ohh, ya ya. I mean business. (Response, repetition of trigger)
 Reaction
Joni: Ok ok ok. I know I know.

Example 13:
 Trigger
Helen: And the publisher of...this book is iram...Yrama Widya.
 Signal
Joni: What? (Request for clarification)

 Response
Helen: Yrama Widya. (Repetition of trigger)
 Reaction
Joni: Ya ya, Yrama Widya. But...i don’t know, how much is the book pages? (Comprehension signal)

:3. Analysis of Intermediate Level Conversation
There are nine negotiations of meaning that appeared in the Intermediate level conversation.
Example 1:
 Trigger
Carlesi: Ok, the first personal, the name is “Robert”.
 Signal
Ari: Sorry? (Request for clarification)
 Response
Carles:Ro...bert (repetition of trigger)
 Reaction
Ari :Robert





Example 2:
 Trigger
Carles: The hobby of this personal is go to the beach. I think very interesting for me
Ari: Sorry, what you think?
 Signal
Carles: Sorry, what you think? (Request for clarification)
 Response
Carles:. very interesting (Repetition of trigger)
 Reaction
Ari: Ok. And then... (Comprehension signal)

Example 3:
 Trigger
Carles: Ok, the third personal is “Yhosiko” a name...
 Signal
Ari: Sorry? (Request for clarification)
 Response
Carles: very interesting.. (Repetition of trigger)
 Reaction
Ari :Ok, and then? (Comprehension signal)

Example 4:
 Trigger
Carles: The occupation is Secretary.
 Signal
Ari: Sorry, who is the occupation? (Request for clarification)
 Response
Carles:. : Secretary (Repetition of trigger)
 Reaction
Carles: Secretary. Ok..

Example 5:
 Trigger
Ari: And then, e...can you tell me about the next, the name of the personal?
 Signal
Carles: Ok. A...the next personal is...e...sorry e...e... do you mean forth personal? There is no, there is no name here. (Request for clarification)
 Response
Ari: Ya, sorry.
Carles: Ok.
Ari: I mean that the lives of the forth personal
(Repetition of modification trigger)
 Reaction
Carles: Ya.


Example 6:
 Trigger
Ari: Because a...the name of the forth personal is “Sabine”
 Signal
Carles: Sorry? Sabine? (Request for confirmation)
 Response
Ari: Sa…..bine?
Carles: Can you...spell it? (Indication of difficulty)
Ari: Ok. S...A...B...I...N...E...SABINE
(Repetition of the modification trigger)
 Reaction
Carles: Sabine

Example 7:
 Trigger
Carles: And the occupation is Doctor
Ari: Pardon me? (Request for clarification)
 Response
Carles:. Doctor. (Repetition of trigger)
 Reaction
Ari: Ok. eMmm, can you tell me about the Lives, e..sorry, i mean that a...can you tell me about the hobby?
(Comprehension signal)

Example 8:
 Trigger
Ari: Ok. The lives of a...the last personal in Australia. Mmm (Signal)
Carles: sorry, sorry, sorry...what is the free time activity?
(Request for confirmation)
 Response
Ari: The free time activity is Ae…Ro…bics. (Repetition of trigger)
 Reaction
Carles: Aerobics. (Repetition of the modification trigger)
Ari: Aerobics? (Self modification trigger)
Ari: Ya ya, ok ok.
 Reaction
Carles: Ok..Aerobics?
(Comprehension signal)
Example 9:
 Trigger
Ari: Ya, the free time of this personal, i think that it is so interest
 Signal
Carles: So Interest? (Request for confirmation)
 Response
Ari: Because this is aerobics..is good for our healthy
(Self modification trigger)
 Reaction
Carles: Wow!

CONCLUSION




1. Negotiation of meaning can be defined as a series of exchanges conducted by adressors and adressees to help themselves understand and be understood by their interlocotors.
2. An information gap activity is an activity where learners are missing the information they need to complete a task and need to talk to each other to find it.
3. Based on her analysis, the writer found that the lower level made more negotiation of meaning rather than upper class. Mostly about repeating difficult word or pronunciation.
4. Upper level creates less mistakes in their conversation, for example grammar. If they made mistake, they revise it soon.
5. Lower level made some mistakes in their conversation especially pronunciation and grammar, it makes negotiate each other to find out the correct or clear information.