Dwi Astiti N (0713042025)

1.     Frame of Theories

The type of interaction that influences SLA occurs among non-native speakers of L2 (NNS) and, more importantly, between NNS and native speakers (NS). Long (1990) proposed that interaction is necessary for SLA (but insufficient). He points out that it is essential for such a valid description of SLA to have a "synthesis of well-attested empirical findings about process and product in interlanguage development related to universals and variance in learners and learning environments" (Long, 1990, p.650). In his sample of well-established findings, Long discussed several aspects of linguistic environment: The amount and kind of verbal interaction that are important factors in SLA. The interactional features are supposed to promote SLA. Three aspects of verbal interaction can be distinguished: input, production, and feedback. Input is the language offered to the language learner by native speakers (or by other learners); the L2 learners use the input to form hypotheses about the language. Production (or output) is the language spoken by the language learners themselves. Feedback is the reaction offered by the conversational partners to the production of the language learner. Optimizing the interaction implies improving the quantity and quality of input, production, and feedback.

Comprehensible input is not enough for language acquisition (Long ,1981, 1982). Learners need to interact with native speakers. He discovered that number of input modifications but extensive interactional adjustments. The hypothesis advances two major claims about second language acquisition:

1.      Comprehensible input is necessary for acquisition.

2.   Modifications to the interactional structure of conversation in the process of negotiating solutions to communication problem helps in making input comprehensible to learners.

By this real communication, learners practice the language in order to acquire the second language in the real situation. But, sometimes problem appear, some of the participants might actually confuse the learners due to the lack of information of the learners (information gap). We have to admit that native speaker has more power than non native speaker (the learners), both in turn taking and dealing with the topic. This is caused by the learners lesser ability in expressing their ideas and thoughts in the same way as a native speaker. That is why the native is required to modify the input they give in more comprehensible way so that the learner will get the exact meaning of the message. This will happen during negotiation of meaning.

Negotiation of meaning is defined as a series of exchanges conducted by addressors and addressees to help themselves understand and be understood by their interlocutors. In this case, when native speakers (NSs) and non native speakers (NNSs) are involved in an interaction, both interactants work together to solve any potential misunderstanding or non understanding that occurs, by checking each others’ comprehension, requesting clarification and confirmation and by repairingandadjustingspeech(Pica,1988).

Pica and Doughty (1985) and Gass and Varonis (1985) have stimulated some researchers to investigate the relationship between communication tasks and the patterns of interaction which have resulted from the activities. There are two models also suggest that in an interactional modification or negotiation, there ate at least two different moves” the move of signals and the move of reaction to the signal (repair or modification).Pica et al (1989) also suggest that negotiations of meaning basically consist of four interrelated moves. The moves are trigger, signal, response, and follow-up moves.

Based on Pica, these are the elements:

• Trigger (T): utterances followed by native speaker (NS) signal of total/partial lack of understanding.

• Signal (S): of total or partial lack of understanding. There are many types of signal. They are:

a. explicit statement or request for clarification

b. request for confirmation through repetition of the nonnative speaker (NNS)

c. request for confirmation through modification of the NNS

d. request for confirmation through completion or elaboration of the NNS

• Response (R): there are two responses, i.e.

1. NNS Response:

a. Switch to the topic

b. Suppliance of information relevant to the topic, but not directly responsive to NS signal

c. Repetition of the NS modification of trigger

d. Self modification of trigger

e. Repetition of NNS trigger

f. Confirmation of signal only

g. Indication of difficulty or inability to respond

2. Response to NNS:

a. Comprehension signal

b. Continuation move

• Follow up (FU): indication of understanding

2.     Conversations’ Transcription and Coding

There are three conversations in this part

a.       First conversation

There were nurul and azy (female-female) who were born from javaness parents, but they are used to speak in Indonesia in their family. They still learn to speak javaness. At the very beginning of course they use ngoko javaness, the lowest level of javaness. They try to make a javaness conversation about how to reach wayan’s dormitory.

(T)       Azy     :rul kowe ngerti kostane wayan ra?

(R)       Nurul   : ngerti lah

(S)       Azy     :nandi tho?

(R)       Nurul   : kae lo nang cedek lapangan

(S)       Azy     :lapangan ndi?

(R)       Nurul   :lapangan nggon perumahan

(S)       Azy     :perumahan endi tho? Perumahan kampus ijo ngono kuiw ra?

(R)       Nurul   : udhuk, perumahan anyar

(S)       Azy     :perumahan anyar endi?

(T)       Nurul   : villa mutiara kae lo

(S)       Azy     :villa mutiara???

(R)       Nurul   :  arah mburi

(FU)    Azy     :arah mburi…o.. sik belok kiri

(R)       Nurul   :belok kiri, he eh

(S)       Azy     :eh, belok kanan no. belok kanan

(T)       Nurul   :pokoke nggon kuburan kae lo.kuburan lurus

(S)       Azy     :lurus wae?

(R)       Nurul   :he eh, terus belok kiri

(FU)    Azy     :ooh, belok kiri. Ngono

(T)       Nurul   :opo arep merono tho?

(S)       Azy     :ha?

(R)       Nurul   :arep merono

(FU)    Azy     :iyo arep iku opo, nyileh tugas

(T)       Nurul   :tugas opo?

(R)       Azy     :SLA

(T)       Nurul   :arep, nembe arep ngerjake tho?

(R)       Azy     :he eh, anteri. Aku ra weruh

(S)       Nurul   :yo uwis, kapan?

(R)       Azy     : yo saiki

(T)       Nurul   :tapi aku gak iso siki. Tak kei arahe wae yo

(S)       Azy     :he eh. Piye?

(R)       Nurul   :yo, kan lu…kae kan seko kostane dewe trus nggon arah kuburan lurus, belok kiri

(FU)    Azy     :he eh

(T)       Nurul   :belok kiri terus sekitar tiga rumah sing omahe enek pagere gedi duwur

(S)       Azy     :he eh?

(R)      Nurul   :yo wes neng kono tekok wae.aku lali si jeneng kostane opo. Pokoe tiga rumah seko nggon belokan kae

(S)       Azy     :belokan?

(R)       Nurul   :belokan nggon perumahan

(FU)    Azy     :nggon perumahan. Tiga rumah

(T)       Nurul   :tiga rumah

(S)       Azy     :tiga rumah dari deket?

(R)       Nurul   :tiga rumah dari perumahan

(FU)    Azy     :perumahan iku. He eh.

(T)       Azy     :Kuwi kostane wayan?

(FU)    Nurul   :…(mengangguk)

(T)       Azy     :lha kostane wayan kuwi omah atau kostan akeh uwong ngono ki?

(R)       Nurul   :kostan akeh uwong ngono kok. Rame

(S)       Azy     :ooo rame. Ciri-cirine piye tho?

(R)       Nurul   :ciri-cirine omahe gede, trus enek pagere duwur

(S)       Azy     :pager duwur

(FU)    Nurul   :he eh. Njerone akeh kok kamar-kamar e. bareng-bareng

(T)       Azy     :lha iku kostane wong lanang tho?

(R)       Nurul   :enggak. campur

(T)       Azy     :campur tho? Ooo…lha kowe wes ngerjake SLA rung?

(R)       Nurul   :iyo engko. Agek anu kuliah tapi.

(T)       Azy     :anteri aku to?

(R)       Nurul   :yo, nek saiki gak iso

(S)       Azy     :lha ngopo?

(FU)    Nurul   :lha diomongi kuliah (laughing)

(T)       Azy     :ojo kuliah sik tho

(R)       Nurul   :yo piye lho. Diseneni aku

(T)       Azy     :adoh tho?adoh ra

(R)       Nurul   :enggak. Sedilit kok guran

(T)       Azy     :adoh lho lek melaku

(R)       Nurul   :yo numpak peda

(S)       Azy     :aku ra nduwe sepeda

(R)       Nurul   :njilih nggone dian

(S)       Azy     :aku ki ra iso iku lo numpa sepeda

(R)       Nurul   :pedae dituntun

(S)       Azy     :hehe (laugh)..sami ae. Sami mawon

(R)       Nurul   :sepeda, sepeda onthel udhuk sepeda motor

(T)       Azy     :sepeda onthele endi tho?

(R)       Nurul   :enek kok. Sing nggon gerbang belah kono kok

(S)       Azy     :lha wekke sopo kuwi?

(R)       Nurul   :dian

(FU)    Azy     :numpak sepeda, malku. Ee.. mlaku. Dalan nggone wayan tho. Nggone wayan belok kiri eneng perumahan mutiara, vila mutiara to ya?

(R)       Nurul   :lurus

(FU)    Azy     :terus lurus wae mlaku terus engko eneng telu , telu omah. Nah wayan iku omah ketelu opo omah kepapat?

(R)       Nurul   :omah ketiga

(S)       Azy     :ketiga, ketelu yaa . nah, omah ketelu ki eneng pagere gedhe

(R)       Nurul   :duwur

(S)       Azy     :duwur. Tingkat ra?

(R)       Nurul   :enggak

(FU)    Azy     :enggak. Emmm yowes maturnuwun yo

(R)       Nurul   :iyo yo

b.      Second conversation

There were yoyo and jojo (male-male) who were born from javaness parents. Yoyo lives in a family who usually use javaness in his family while Jojo not. Jojo’s parents are javaness, but they are used to speak in Indonesia in their family. So, jojo try to learn javaness. At the very beginning of course heuse ngoko javaness, the lowest level of javaness. In this conversation, they try to make a javaness conversation about direction to Jojo’s house in Candimas, Branti .

            Yoyo   :Jo omahmu nangdi?

(T)       Jojo      :e…Omahku neng mbranti

(S)       Yoyo   :branti,Mbrantine belah endi to?

(R)       Jojo      :e..apa iku. Sebelum batalion. Ngerti batalion po ra?

(FU)    Yoyo   : ooo, anu korem..korem..

(R)       Jojo      :naa, korem

(T)       Yoyo   : abri abri kae?

(R)       Jojo      : beda dong

(T)       Yoyo   : bedo to, neng ndi kuwi?

            Jare neng batalion batalion. Neng abri abri kae no?

(R)       Jojo      :sebelum

(S)       Yoyo   :lek  kene neng tengen ndalan kan?

(R)       Jojo      :naa iya

(FU)    Yoyo   : iyo

(T)       Jojo      : kanan. Kanan ndalan

(S)       Yoyo   :oo, tengen ndalan

(R)       Jojo      : iyo

(T)       Yoyo   :lha terus, kowe numpak opo lek sekolah?ee..kuliah?

(R)       Jojo      :yo numpak montor lah

(S)       Yoyo   : numpak motor, dewe?

(R)       Jojo      :dewe

(T)       Yoyo   :pirang liter kuwi sedino bisane lek PP teko..omahmu nengdi? Branti yo

(R)       Jojo      :sebelum mbranti, candimas, candimas

(T)       Yoyo   :aaa. Candimas rene PP entek pirang liter kuwi?

(R)       Jojo      :itu..20

(S)       Yoyo   : rongpuluh liter?

(R)       Jojo      :iyo

(T)       Yoyo   :akehmen kuwi, minyak opo wae  motore mosok mbra..ee.. candimas merene rongpuluh liter,  raimu?

(S)       Jojo      :tak pikir rongpuluh liter tu jarak

(R)       Yoyo   :ora. Maksudku  rong puluh liter ki anu bensine enteke piro?

(FU)    Jojo      :oo.. bensin. O iyo, itu kilometer ya. Salah hehehe

(T)       Yoyo   :pekoke jan..bocah kok pekok kyo ngono

(R)       Jojo      :g papa laa

(T)       Yoyo   :lha terus, sedino entke pirang liter?

(R)       Jojo      :sehari..mungkin..sekitar setengah

(T)       Yoyo   :setengah liter wae guran? berarti kowe

(R)       Jojo      :setengah lebih lah

(T)       Yoyo   :lha motormu opo irit temen?

(R)       Jojo      :wee. Legenda lho

(T)       Yoyo   :wis suwi?

(R)       Jojo      :sing paling irit. Empat tahun.

(T)       Yoyo   :oo.legenda..,jarene mbiyen karo mbakmu merene

(R)       Jojo      :yaa, mbakku kan dah lulus

(S)       Yoyo   :udah?

(R)       Jojo      :udah wisuda.lha kowe?

(FU)   Yoyo   :lha aku ijik ngene ngene wae, ya paling kadang-kadang nunut karo konco. Ngirit malahan. Timbang nganu..

(T)       Jojo      :lha kostn kamu dimana?

(R)      Yoyo   :kostan a neng anu. Neng kopi. Lek kowe arep dolan rono yo mengko bareng-bareng numpak motor

(S)       Jojo      :oo

(R)      Yoyo   :gak adoh, paling 10 menit

(S)       Jojo      :10 menit numpak motor.jalan?

(R)      Yoyo   :mlaku.pokoke ngene. Ngerti musium lampung kan

(FU)    Jojo      :ooo, musium lampung

(T)    Yoyo   :kan neng ngarepe eneng SMP 22 karo kuburan.ono gang , jenege gang arjuna mlebu wae rono.turuti wae jalan kuwi

(S)       Jojo      :gange belah kiri SMP opo belah kanan?

(R)      Yoyo   :anu neng…antara kuburan karo SMP kuwi ono gang. Nah, gang kuwi

(FU)    Jojo      :oo, diantara

(T)     Yoyo   :iyo, diantara. Pokoe nuruti wae gang kuwi engko met.. nembuse kostanku. Engko lek tekan kono SMS. Engko tak susuli

(S)       Jojo      :tapi, nyabang rak jalannya itu?

(R)      Yoyo   :yo enek siji. Tapi pilih sing lurus wae, gak usah mbelok-mbelok

(FU)    Jojo      :yo wes, tak sms wae OK?

c.       Third conversation

This is a conversation between Zia and Pradit (female-male). Both of them inherit javaness blood from their parents. Here, Pradit is used to speak javaness in his family, while Zia is not. They made a conversation about how to get in lembah hijau, because Zia had plan to go there.

(T)       Zia       :ee, ngerti lembah hijau gak sih?neng endi?

(S)       Pradit  :eee???

(R)       Zia       :lembah hijau

(FU)    Pradit  :o ngerti. Enek op?.piye-piye?

(R)       Zia       :pengen rono

(S)       Pradit  :ooo…arep numpak mobil umum opo..

(R)       Zia       :angkot

(S)       Pradit  :ooo, angkot

(R)       Zia       :lik nggak angkot iku, opo jenenge..motor. motoran.

(FU)    Pradit  :ooo, motor.lek saranku yo lek koyo ngono mending motoran wae.

(T)       Zia       :dalane? piye dalane?

(R)      Pradit  :dalane yoo, teko…. Arep teko ndi?arep teko PU, gang PU kae opo teko Kemiling, pramuka?

(T)       Zia       :PU ki ndi si?

(R)       Pradit  :PU ki belah kono lampu merah way halim

(S)       Zia       :eee, lampu merah way halim? Griyacom kae yo?

(FU)    Pradit  :he eh, griyacom

(T)       Zia       :kan griyacom terus sing enek opo kae?gerbang opo si kae jenenge?

(S)       Pradit  :gerbang?

(R)       Zia       :gerbang kerupuk industri

(FU)    Pradit  :ooo, he eh he eh kae kae. Sing..

(S)       Zia       :terus..terus..

(R)       Pradit  : kae terus wae. Meloke dalan utama wae

(S)       Zia       :dalan utama endi?

(R)       Pradit  :yo dalan kuwi maksute. Gang kuwi

(FU)    Zia       :kan seko kene, belok kana

Pradit  :iyo

(S)       Zia       :terus..

(R)       Pradit  :melok wae dalan kuwi

(T)       Zia       :pirang kilo teko kono?

(R)       Pradit  :sekitar limolas menit ki berarti sekitar ..

(T)       Zia       :lima belas menit tadi naek opo?

(R)       Pradit  :Numpak motor. Soale nggak enek angkot neng kono.lek neng pramuka enek.

(T)       Zia       :oo, berarti lek neng kono Cuma iso naek motor tok?

(S)       Pradit  :sing endi

(R)       Zia       :sing lewat iku mau. Opo?PU

(FU)    Pradit  :PU. Iyo, gak enek opo..akses . nganune terbatas

(T)       Zia       :trus dalane?

(R)    Pradit  :dalane apik kok. Mending… nek numpak motor mending metu kono timbangane metu pramuka. Soalekan pramuka dalane elek, rame gek nanjak

(T)       Zia       :lurus gak? lurus gak?

(S)       Pradit  :opone?

(R)       Zia       :lurus lurus trus opo belok-belok?

(FU)    Pradit  :lurus kok. Gak opo..sing penting meloke dalan utama wae. Engko tekan

(T)       Zia       :lek naek angkot kepramuka?

(S)       Pradit  :he eh

(R)       Zia       :teko kono(PU) gak iso berarti. Lek nyarter angkot iso?

(FU)    Pradit  :yo iso, lek nyater (both of them werelaughing)tapiu kan apa sih, opo sih. Lebih penak dalane kan. Lek sing PU ki kan, deē dalane gak nanjak yo gur landai ngono lho

(S)       Zia       :landai piye sih?aspal tapikan?

(R)       Pradit  :aspal

(T)       Zia       :aspal kasar opo aspal alus?

(R)       Pradit  :aluuus

(S)       Zia       :alus?

(R)       Pradit  :he eh

(T)       Zia       :gede opo cilik dalane?

(R)       Pradit  :lha lek kuwi cilik, lek sing kene (PU)

(T)       Zia       :nek angkot muat nggak?

(R)       Pradit  :muat

(S)       Zia       :muat?

(R)       Pradit  :muat

(T)       Zia       :lek naek angkot teko PU opo Pramuka wae penake?

(R)       Pradit  :ee, pramuka wae..

(T)       Zia       :emang opo penake?

(R)       Pradit  :yo soale kan, emang trayeke angkot kan metu Pramuka

(T)       Zia       :engko, numpak angkot metu pramuka yo, belokan pertigaan kae terus engko belok

(R)       Pradit  :engko kan belok..

(S)       Zia       :terminal, terminal kemiling terus

(R)       Pradit  :he eh terminal terus ee.. arah kiri sing arah karang

(S)       Zia       :he eh terus?

(T)       Pradit  :kan engko kan ketemu jalur opo, jalur dua sing kanan kan teko..

(S)       Zia       :jalur dua sing kanan sing endi?

(R)       Pradit  :kan awak dewe kan nek teko pramuka kan ning terminal, terminal kan mengko

(S)       Zia       :belok kanan kan arah pringsewu

(R)       Pradit  :he eh, ngiri. Ngiri engko..

(S)       Zia       :terus, bar belok kiri?

(R)       Pradit  : jalur dua pertama, teko nganan belok kanan

(S)       Zia       :jalur dua ki sing endi si?perempatan yo?

(R)       Pradit  :enggak, deē perempatan tapi

(S)       Zia       :pertigaan?!!

(R)       Pradit  :he eh pertigaan tapi

(FU)    Zia       :pertigaan

(T)       Pradit  :deē ki piye yo?enggak pas perempatan ngono rodhok serong ngono

(S)       Zia       :he eh

(R)       Pradit  :nah, belok kanan kuwi, terus

(S)       Zia       :iku pertigaan sing endi? Sing pertama opo sing keloro?

(R)       Pradit  :pertama, pertama

(S)       Zia       :pas abis belok kiri, sing pertama?
(R)       Pradit  :he eh sing pertama,pas belok kiri pertama

(S)       Zia       :belok kiri..berarti belok kanan no

(R)       Pradit  :he eh langsung

(S)       Zia       : terus?

(R)       Pradit  :terus wae, melok…pokekē, ngetutke wae dalan kuwi

(T)       Zia       :dalane penak enggak?

(R)       Pradit  :penak

(T)       Zia       :rawan enggak?

(R)       Pradit  :enggak, lek rawan enggak

(T)       Zia       :pirang menit teko kono

(R)       Pradit  :sekitar  telungpuluh menit  nek teko kemiling

(T)       Zia       :kok jauhan yo

(R)       Pradit  : iyo

3.      Discussion and Analysis

These are the analyses from those conversations above

a.       First conversation

In the first conversation there are 391 words that that are uttered by speakers and are recorded in 216 second. So, we can count the Length of Utterance as follow;

The Length of Utterance        = 391 words/ 216 second

= ±2 words/second

Negotiations of meaning sequence in the first conversation are seven. We can find it in the conversation’s transcript above.This is one of the Negotiation of meaning sequence in the first conversation

(T)       Nurul   : villa mutiara kae lo (definitely trigger)

(S)    Azy  :villa mutiara??? (It is signal of request for clarification through repetition and additional information)

(R)       Nurul   :  arah mburi (It is response of comprehension signal through additional information)

(FU)    Azy     :arah mburi…o.. sik belok kiri

b.      Second conversation

In the second conversation there are 323 words that are uttered by speakers and are recorded in in 171 second. So, we can count the Length of Utterance as follow;

The Length of Utterance        =323 words/ 171 second

= ±2 words/second

In the second conversation transcript, we can find seven sequences of negotiation of meaning.

Here is one of them;

(T)       Jojo      :e…Omahku neng mbranti

(S)       Yoyo   :branti,Mbrantine belah endi to?

(R)       Jojo      :e..apa iku. Sebelum batalion. Ngerti batalion po ra?

(FU)    Yoyo   : ooo, anu korem..korem..

c.       Third conversation 

In the third conversation there are 516 words that are uttered by speakers and are recorded in 223 second. So, we can count the Length of Utterance as follow;

The Length of Utterance        =516 words/ 223 second

= ±2 words/second

In the third transcript, conversation between Zia and Pradit, we can find six negotiation of meaning seuences. Thi is one of them

(T)       Zia       :ee, ngerti lembah hijau gak sih?neng endi?

(S)       Pradit  :eee???

(R)       Zia       :lembah hijau

(FU)    Pradit  :o ngerti. Enek op?.piye-piye?

Those three conversations by the topic of showing direction inform us that sometimes, or we can say usually, there will be information gap in a conversation. From the analysis of negotiation of meaning sequence above, we can see that signal and response have the same numbers and dominated the conversation. The signal that most occurred is signal of request for clarification and the response that most occurred is response of repetition of the trigger. Trigger given by a speaker made the signal by another speaker in a conversation. Then, the response occurred. The signal and response from both the speakers result the follow up and making the understanding between them.

From the conversation transcript above, we also can see that Non Native speaker usually switch the language from javaness to Indonesia in order to continue their sentences.