Endah Savitri Kusuma (0713042026)

SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
NEGOTIATION OF MEANING
 (Paper)



By:
Endah Savitri Kusuma
0713042026
                                                                                  



  








English Education Study Program
Arts and Language Education Department
School of Education and Pedagogy
University of Lampung
2011





CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION




Negotiation of meaning is defined as a series of exchanges conducted by addressors and addressees to help themselves understand and be understood by their interlocutors.We can see, when native speakers (NS) and non native speakers (NNS) are involved in an interaction, both interact ants work together to solve any potential misunderstanding or non understanding that occurs.
In order to solve their misunderstanding or non understanding that occurs, we can solve them by checking each others’ comprehensions, requesting clarifications and confirmation and by repairing and adjusting speech (Pica, 1988). Pica et al (1989) also suggest that negotiation of meaning basically consist of four interrelated moves. They are trigger:
•         Trigger (T) which invokes or stimulates incomplete understanding on the part of hearer.
•         Indicator (I) which is the hearer’s signal of incomplete understanding.
•        Response (R) is the original speaker attempt to clear up the unaccepted-input.
•        Reaction to the response (RR) which is an element that signals either the hearer’s acceptance or continued difficulty with the speaker’s repair.
The models also suggest that in an interactional modification or negotiation, there are at least two different moves: the move of signals and the move of reaction to the signal (repair or modification). The move of signal consists of three concepts: confirmation check, comprehension check, and clarification request. The repair move consists of self- and other-repetition, elaboration and justification.
That is the purpose of the writer to find out how many those interrelated moves are used during a conversation of negotiation of meaning. There will be three conversations of negotiation of meaning whose the duration of each of them is five minutes.




CHAPTER II
FRAME OF THEORIES


2.1 The role of Communication in Second Language Acquisition
Long (1981, 1982) says comprehensible input is not enough for language acquisition. Learners need to interact with native speakers. The hypothesis advances two major claims about second language acquisition:
-          Comprehensible input is necessary for acquisition.
-          Modifications to the interactional structure of conversation in the process of  negotiating solutions to communication problem helps in making input comprehensible to learners (Long, 1985)

2.2 Negotiation of Meaning
Pica et al (1989) suggest that negotiations of meaning basically consist of four interrelated moves. The moves are trigger, signal, response, and follow-up moves.
  There are five communicative tasks which can be used by the teacher in many different ways to promote negotiation:
a)      Jigsaw task
b)      Information gap task
c)       Problem solving task
d)      Decision making task
e)      Information exchange task








CHAPTER III
TRANSCRIBE, CODING AND ANALYSIS OF CONVERSATION

Talking about different picture

Conversation 1: Female 1(F1) and Female 2 (F2)

F1: I have two pictures. The two pictures are different. Do you think so? (Trigger)
F2: Yes . The first is the cat is climbing the trunk and  the second picture is the cat is crossing the trunks, right? (Signal, Comprehension Check)
F1: Crossing the trunks. (Respond)
F2: Crossing. (Respond, Self Repetition)
F1: Oh my God!! Hhahaa (Follow Up)
F2: Look... (Trigger)
F1: The cat which is climbing the trunk is looked happy? (Signal, Comprehension Check)
F2: Yeah, the cat is happy (Respond, Self Repetition)
F1: Oh my God (Follow Up)
F2: Look at the crossing cat! (Trigger)
F1: I see. (Signal, Comprehension Check)
F2: The cat cross the trunk carefully. (Respond, Self Expression)
F1: I see. (Follow Up)
F2: The picture is very interesting. Do you agree with me? (Trigger)
F1: Yes, I agree with you. (Signal)
F2: Ok, I will save these pictures. Hhe. (Follow Up)

Analysis of First Conversation
         This conversation was done from the interaction between female and female. They are senior high school students.
             Negotiation of Meaning Sequences : In this conversation, there are 4 sequences.
                For example:
F1: I have two pictures. The two pictures are different. Do you think so? (Trigger)
F2: Yes . The first is the cat is climbing the trunk and  the second picture is the cat is crossing the trunks, right? (Signal, Comprehension Check)
F1: Crossing the trunks. (Respond)
F2: Crossing. (Respond, Self Repetition)
F1: Oh my God!! Hhahaa (Follow Up)

 Those sequences have:

•       4 triggers,
•       4 signals; containing confirmation and comprehension checks,
•       4 responds, and
•       4 follow up.

Talking about different picture/ Jigsaw Task

Conversation 2: Male 1 (M1) and Male 2 (M2)


M1: Hi... what are you doing? By the way, I bring two pictures here. (Trigger)
M2: Nothing to do. What pictures? (Signal, Clarification Request)
M1: The unique pictures. (Respond)
M2: Really? May I see that picture?
M1: Ya this is very unique picture. Hmm… let’s see. This is the 1st Picture and this is the 2nd picture. It’s quite same you know? (Trigger)
M2: Ahaa. (Follow up)
M1: Hmm… Can you see what’s the different between two picture? (Trigger)
M2: Actualy, they are very different but hmmmmfh… (Respond, Self Expression)
M1: What? (Signal, Clarification Request)
M2: The people (Respond)
M1: You meant the object? (Signal, Comprehension Check)
M2: Yups, I meant the object. (Follow up)
M1: What the matter about the object? (Trigger)
M2: The object the first picture is a man and the second is a girl. (Respond, Self Expression)
M1: Yes exactly... (Respond)
M2: Sorry? (Signal, Clarification Request)
M1: Yes you are right. (Respond)
M2: Hmmmmmm. (Respond, Self Expression)
M1: Ok. And then what about the poses? (Trigger)
M2: Ahaaa, it is very interesting. (Respond)
M1:  What do you think? (Trigger)
M2: The same… the same poses. (Signal, Comprehension Check)
M1: They are like twins. (Respond, Self Expression)
M2: Yes. (Follow up)



Analysis of The Second Conversation
         This conversation was done from the interaction between male and male.
             Negotiation of Meaning Sequences : In this conversation, there are 3 sequences.
                For example:
M1: Ok. And then what about the poses? (Trigger)
M2: Ahaaa, it is very interesting. (Respond)
M1:  What do you think? (Trigger)
M2: The same… the same poses. (Signal, Comprehension Check)
M1: They are like twins. (Respond, Self Expression)
M2: Yes. (Follow up)

 Those sequences have:

•       6 triggers,
•       5 signals; containing confirmation and comprehension checks,
•       9 responds, and
•       3 follow up.

Conversation 3: Female-Male (Information Exchange Task)

M: Do you know all about our president. (Trigger)
F: Hmmmm…. Not really. (Respond, Self Expression)
M: Mr. SBY.  Mr. Susilo bambang Yudhoyono... (Signal, Comprehension Check)
F: Ya. (Follow up)
M: What do you know about him? (Trigger)
F: I know that he has two sons. (Respond, Self Expression)
M: Two sons. The handsome sons… (Respond, Self Repetition)
F: Yeah… who do not want to be his sons.. (Trigger)
M: His smart and popular sons (Signal, Comprehension Check)
F: Yes of course, smart sons. (Respond, Self Expression)
M: What about his wife. (Trigger)
F: Motherly (Follow up)
M: Is she ellegant (Trigger)
F: Of course,. She is very elegant. (Signal, Comprehension Check)
M: Yes. (Follow up)
F; Hmmm. I heard that she will become one of the candidate of the next president. (Respond, Self Expression)
M: What?  (Respond)
F: Yeah, our next president. (Signal, Comprehension Check)
M: Hah? Are you sure? (Signal, Clarification Request)
F: Hmmmm... I don’t know. I just hear it from the news in television. (Respond, Self Expression)
M: It’s okay…
F: Yes. It’s okay if she can do the best for this country.
M: Heeh, do the best. (Respond, Self Repetition)
F: I hope she can do that. (Signal, Comprehension Check)
M: That all ok, but the time is not okay. I must go home now. I must follow my brother to go to central plaza (Trigger)
F: hahaaaa.
M: What?
F: No no.. do you want to go to shopping? (Respond, Self Expression)
M: Hwaaa… what are talking about? I just follow him to meet his client (Signal, Clarification Request)
F: Ouw... Be careful yaaa. Bye. (Respond, Self Expression)
M: Ok. Bye… (Follow up)

Analysis of The Third Conversation
         This conversation was done from the interaction between male and female.
             Negotiation of Meaning Sequences : In this conversation, there are 4 sequences.
                For example:
M: That all ok, but the time is not okay. I must go home now. I must follow my brother to go to central plaza (Trigger)
F: hahaaaa.
M: What?
F: No no.. do you want to go to shopping? (Respond, Self Expression)
M: Hwaaa… what are talking about? I just follow him to meet his client (Signal, Clarification Request)
F: Ouw... Be careful yaaa. Bye. (Respond, Self Expression)
M: Ok. Bye… (Follow up)

 Those sequences have:

•       6 triggers,
•       7 signals; containing confirmation and comprehension checks,
•       10 responds, and
•       4 follow up.

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION

Based on the conversation and analysis in the previous page, the writer conclude that sequences for each conversation may vary depends on the interact ants. Then the components of each conversation also can be different between those who did the conversation whether they are male-male, female-female or female-male. But for those three conversations have the same components, they are Trigger, Signal, Respond and Follow Up.